• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 1973

Thirty-three Mannich bases of 2,2'-methylene bis (3,4, 6-trichlorophenoxy-acetic acid) were synthesized hexachlorophene as potential antimicrobial agents and tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum gypseum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae in vitro. It was found that: 1) 2,2'-Methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3, 4, 6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$- (N,N -diethylamino) propionic acid] and 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(N, N-dimethynlamo) propionoic acid] were active against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis at the concn. of 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ respectively; 2) 2,2'-Methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(m-hydroxy-p-carboxyphenylamino) propionic acid] and 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3, 4, 6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(cyclohexylamino) propionic acid] were active against Trichophyton-rubrum at the concn. of 2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ respectively; 3) 2,2'-Methylene bis [${\alpha}$-3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(m-hydroxy-p-carboxyphenyl-amino) propionic acid] and 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trcihlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(piperidino) propionic acid] were active against Microsporum gypseum at the concn. of 2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ respectively; 4) 2,2'-Methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(m-hydroxyphenylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3, 4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(m-hydroxy-p-carboxy phenylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(o-chlorophenylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(o-chloro-p-nitrophenylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$- (3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(methylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(hydroxylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(cyclohexylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorphenoxy)-${\beta}$-(morpholino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(p-sulfophenylamino) propionic acid] and 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(4-sulfu-l-nayphthlamino) aoi!c rppioncd (were active against Epidermophyton floccosum at the concn. of 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ respectively; 5) 2,2'-Methlene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(m-hydroxyphenylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis (a-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(m-hydroxy-p-carboxyphenylamino) propionic acid], 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(p-methylphenylamino) propionic acid] and 2,2'-methylene bis [${\alpha}$-(3,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)-${\beta}$-(hydroxylamino) propionic acid] were active against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae at the concn. of 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ respectively.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 2008

Purpose: Cathepsin D(CD) is a lysosomal acid proteinase that is related to malignant progression, invasion, and a poor prognosis in several tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic clinical significance of CD and p53 expression in pretreatment biopsy specimens from patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who were treated with preoperative chemoradiation. Materials and Methods: Eighty-nine patients with locally advanced rectal cancer(cT3/T4 or N+) were included in this study. Preoperative chemoradiation consisted of a dose of 50.4 Gy of pelvic radiation and two concurrent cycles of administration of 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin. Surgery was performed six weeks after chemoradiation. CD and p53 expression in pretreatment formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor biopsy specimens were assessed by immunohistochemical staining using a CD and p53 monoclonal antibodies. The threshold value for a positive stain in tumor tissue and stromal cells was 1+ intensity in 10% of the tumors or stromal cells, respectively. Results: Positive CD expression was found in 57(64%) of the tumors and 32(35%) of the stromal cell specimens. There was no association with CD expression of the tumor or stromal cells and patient characteristics. There was a correlation between tumor CD expression with stromal cell CD expression(p=0.01). Overexpression of p53 was not a significant prognostic factor. The 5-year overall survival(OS) and disease-free survival(DFS) rates were not different between tumor CD-negative and positive patient biopsy samples(69% vs. 65%, 60% vs. 61%, respectively). The 5-year OS rates in the tumor-negative/stromal cell-negative, tumor-negative/stromal cell-positive, tumor-positive/stromal cell-negative and tumor-positive/stromal cell-positive biopsy samples were 75%, 28%, 62%, and 73%, respectively. Stromal cell staining only without positive tumor staining demonstrated the worst overall survival prognosis for patients(p=0.013). Conclusion: Overexpression of p53 in rectal biopy tissue was not associated with prognostic significance. In the pretreatment biopsy specimens, an exclusive increase in CD expression in stromal cells without tumor expression was related to poor overall survival in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 1997

Retrograde myocardial protection is widely accepted in CABG operation because of the limitations of the antegrade method in the coronary arterial stenosis lesions. We analyzed 76 c ses of retrograde myocardial protection among 96 cases of CABG operation performed between April 1994 and August 1995, There were 48 males and 25 females, and the mean age was 58.2 $\pm$ 8.3 years. 53 patients (70%) were operated for unstable angina, 14 (18%) for stable angina, 6 (8%) for post-infarct angina, 1 (1%) for acute myocardial infarction, and 2()%) for failed PTCA. Preoperative coronary angiography revealed 3-vessel disease in 42 cases, 2-vessel disease in 11, 1-vessel disease in 10, and left main disease in 13 cases. We used SVG(63 cases), LIMA(69 cases), RIMA(11 cases), radial artery(6 cases), and gastroepiploic artery(1 case) for the grafts. Mean anastomosis was 3.2 $\pm$ 1.1. We protected the myocardium with antegrade induction and retrograde maintenance in all the cases except a case of retrograde induction and maintenance. During the aortic cross-clamping, blood cardioplegia was administered intermittently in 19 cases, and continuously in 57 In 39 cases, we used retrograde ardioplegia and antegrade perfusion of RCA graft simultaneously. We had no operative motality. Perioperative complications were arrhythmia in 15 cases, perioperatve myocardial infarction in 10, low cardiac output syndrome In 8, transient neurologic problem in 7, transient psychiatric problem in 6, ARF in 3, bleeding in 2, pneumonia in 2, wound infection in 1, and duodenal ulcer perforation in 1 . In this report, we experienced 76 cases of CABG operation with retrograde myocardial protection under the acceptable operative risk without operative mortality.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.220-226
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• 1994

This study was performed to evaluate the clinical applicability of the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR ) kit of HCV-RNA using biotinylated and radioiodinated primers. Study subjects were 118 patients with positive anti-HCV. HCV-RNA in patient's serum was extracted by guanidium thiocyanate method. After first amplification, the product was reamplified by primers labelled with biotin and I-125. The final amplification product was defected by counting the radioactivity after incubation in avidin coated tubes. In 51 samples, the test was repeated for evaluation of reproducibility. This new method was also compared with conventional RT-PCR methods in 34 samples from patients with chronic liver disease. The results were as follows ; 1) HCV-RNA was positive in 85(97%)of 88 patients with chronic liver disease, and in 23 (73%) of 30 patients with normal liver function. 2) In comparison with conventional method, HCV-RNA was detected in 32(94%) of 34 patients with new method, whereas in 27(79%) of the same group with conventional method. 3) Repeated test with new method in 52 samples demonstrated 82% of concordant result. In conclusion, new method with biotinylated and radioiodinated primers was more sensitive than conventional method. However, great care must be taken for quality control because there were considerable interassay variation and possiblity of false positivity and false negativity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.475-480
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• 2010

The fruit of Actinidia polygama, Mock-chun-ryo in Korea, has been used as traditional medicine for abdominal pain, rheumatic arthritis, and stroke. In a previous study, the ethanol extract of A. polygama Max. showed antiinflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 cells. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerosis effects of supercritical fluid marc extracts from A. polygama Max. Anti-inflammatory extracts were produced from supercritical fluid extraction of the silver vine under the following conditions; pressure, 1,500-4,500 psi, temperature $35-55^{\circ}C$ and extraction time 1-2 hr. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects of the extracts, we studied nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-$\alpha$) levels in RAW 264.7 cells and MMP-9 activity in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC). The Marc 11 extract inhibited the production of NO, $PGE_2$, and TNF-$\alpha$ by lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, the marc 11 extract inhibited TNF-$\alpha$-induced MMP-9 activity in HASMC. These results indicate that the Marc 11 extract of A. polygama Max. has the potential for use as an anti-atherosclerosis agent.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2015

Recently developed black waxy rice with a giant embryo ('Nunkeunheukchal', BGE) was selected and processed to produce high quality nutritional food. BGE contains high levels of several phytochemicals with antioxidant activities, as well as other reported health beneficial properties. In addition, the giant embryo has high protein, lipid, and amino acids contents. Within the free amino acids, ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter, has long been used for treating the aftereffects of brain injuries and stroke. A method for manufacturing pop-rice and black rice tea by popping process in BGE is provided to increase a taste, nutrition and functionality. The produced 'pop-rice' showed increased protein (11.3%) and lipid (3.7%) contents compared with control variety, IB ('Ilmibyeo'). In addition, melanoidin related products, polyphenol and functional amino acid contents were increased by the popping process. Pop-rice tea made of BGE showed the highest extraction of total sugar, glucose, raffinose and sucrose (4 times higher than brown rice) by hot water. Scavenging activity ($SC_{50}$) of processed BGE rice powder showed strong antioxidative activity of 0.24 mg/ml using DPPH and 1.82 mg/ml using ABTs method. Thereafter, these results suggested that the popping processed rice of BGE could be one of the promising materials for healthy food development.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.158-167
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• 2016

The requirements for medical laboratories ISO 15189 is examined in organization and a quality management system, stressing the importance of evidence, document control, and control of records and clinical material. Medical services are provided from the areas of resource management, and pre-examination, examination and post-examination processes. The main goal of ISO 15189 accreditation is to improve the quality of laboratory services provided for patients and clinical users not only through compliance with consensually developed and harmonized requirements but also by adopting the philosophy of continual improvement using the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle. Laboratory quality should be evaluated and improved in all steps of the testing process as the state-of-the art indicates that the pre- and post-analytical phases are more vulnerable to errors than the intra-analytical phase. The Korea Laboratory Accreditation Scheme (KOLAS), a national accreditation body, provides medical laboratory accreditations for appropriate approaches to evaluating the competence of a medical laboratory in providing effective services to its customers and clinical users. Adoption of ISO 15189 in 2010s as a government policy has been delayed, and only 5 laboratories have been accredited to date in Korea. The medical laboratories should seek the adoption of ISO 15189 with a positive attitude for quality improvement and strengthening of international competitiveness.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.86-91
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with lutein-containing materials on meat quality and lutein accumulation in broiler tissue. Broilers were subjected to one of the following treatments: C, basal diet (BD); T1, BD + 2.223% lutein from spinach extracted by ethanol fermentation; T2, BD + 2% radish green powder; T3, BD + 0.61% spinach powder; and T4, BD + 1.83% spinach powder. The weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion did not differ among treatments. An evaluation of the color of the chicken breast meat revealed that the CIE $L^*$ value of the control was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of the other treatments, whereas T4 had a significantly (p<0.05) lower CIE $a^*$ value and a higher (p<0.05) CIE $b^*$ value than the other treatments. The lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reaction substances, TBARS) value was not significant among treatments. The results of a high performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that the lutein peak was present only in the T4 liver tissue. These results showed that spinach powder (T4) affected meat color (CIE $a^*$ and $b^*$) however, TBARS and lutein accumulation were not affected.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.100-106
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• 2011

The physicochemical characteristics of chicken breast were determined to identify the optimal ratio of $CO_2$ and $N_2$ to maintain chicken breast quality during cold storage for 6 d. The mixing ratios of $CO_2$ and $N_2$ were 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20, respectively. The pH of the chicken breast packed with 80% $CO_2$ and 20% $N_2$ was lower than that of the control on day 1 (p<0.05). The lightness ($L^*$) of the breast increased with increasing $CO_2$ during storage (p<0.05), whereas no difference was found for redness ($a^*$) and yellowness ($b^*$). A lower volatile basic nitrogen level was found for chicken breasts exposed to higher $CO_2$ levels. Furthermore, lipid oxidation of the chicken breast packed with $CO_2$ decreased with increasing $CO_2$ level, and 40% $CO_2$ significantly reduced 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values on days 1 and 6. The total number of microbes was reduced in chicken breast exposed to more than 40% $CO_2$ during storage days 3 and 6 (p<0.05); however, Escherichia coli was not affected by $CO_2$ level. Coliforms of chicken breast were reduced in the 40% $CO_2$ level on storage day 3. Moreover, tray-packed chicken breast exposed to 40% $CO_2$ did not collapse. These results suggest that 40% $CO_2$ and 60% $N_2$ were the optimal conditions for packaging chicken breasts during cold storage.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.159-167
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the control efficacy of the organic farming materials on cucumber scab caused by Cladosporium cucumerinum PT1 (KACC 48094). The antifungal activities in vitro as well as the suppressive effect of 43 organic farming materials on the spore germination and germ tube growth by inoculating spore suspension on cucumber seedlings in vivo were investigated. Thirteen organic farming materials inhibited the mycelial growth of C. cucumerinum and nine of these were microbial agents. In the screening using cucumber seedlings, six organic farming materials were very effective with control efficacy value of 90%. Among them, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M27 provided suppressive effect on both mycelial growth and spore germination against cucumber scab. Finally, nine organic farming materials were selected to test the protective and curative effects, and all chosen organic farming materials significantly suppressed disease incidence when applied in the preventive action, in comparison with the curative action. Especially, Bordeaux mixture I and III gave excellent protective control efficacy with control values of 96.7% and 73.3%, respectively, whereas its curative control effect was significant low. Among these, only Thymus quinquecostatus+Sophora extract showed curative activity, although the control value was as low as 50%. This study suggests that cucumber scab can be controlled by some organic farming materials in the farmhouses under comparatively cold and wet condition and protective treatment is more important and efficient.