• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.11-23
• /
• 2011

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus(SLE) is an autoimmune disease invading the skin, joint, kidney, intestinal membrane, neurosystem and other organs. SLE is an autoimmune disease characterized by immune dysregulation resulting in the production of antinuclear antibodies(ANA), generation of circulating immune complexes, and activation of the complement system. In Korean medicine, lupus can be classified as acute arthritis, reddish butterfly erythema, asthenic disease, edema and so on. The cause and procedure of the diseases are flourishing noxious heat, excessive fire due to deficiency of yin, blood stasis due to stagnation of qi, internal movement of the liver-wind, congenital deficiency, exhausted vital-qi, which are treated by clearing away heat and cooling the blood, nourshing yin and extinguishing fire, treating flatulence and activating blood circulation, nourishing the blood to expel wind, invigorating the liver and kidney, invigorating qi and replenishing the blood. To experimentally examine the influence of Insam-Buja-Tang (Ginseng & Aconiti Extract, IBT) on the outbreak and development of lupus, lupus induce MRL/MpJ-Faslpr lupus-prone mice model was used. As IBT was orally administrated to a lupus model mouse, various tests such as the weight, urine protein, renal function, Lymph cell test of the spleen, Cytokine expression, histopathological analysis of kideny were performed to see the influence on the kidney and whether it work effectively on the immune function. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of IBT on MRL/MpJ-Faslpr lupus-prone mice model. The effect of IBT on MRL/MpJ-Faslpr lupus-prone mice that can have autoimmune disease similar to SLE in human was evaluated after IBT per oral in the present study.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.61-71
• /
• 2017

Local festival in Korea has developed quantitatively as well qualitatively. Driving force of local festival's development is local governments' active supports. Many Local government support local festival opening actively to accomplish economic activation. Activation of local festivals is good chance to local start-up companies. Local start-up companies don't have well known brand, and wide distribution network. But they can sell their products to visitors in local festival. And if fortune smiles upon them, they can get big buyers in local festivals. If so, what factors can contribute to a increase sales of local start-up companies? Different from existing research that focus on tour industrial outcome, we will focus on effect of festival service quality on increase sales. The survey is using structured questionnaire, we surveyed visitors who visit local start-up companies' booth in festival site. According to survey result, first, each dimensions of festival service quality do not effect on purchase intention directly except empathy dimension. Second, each dimensions of festival service quality effect on purchase intention by a medium of local image indirectly except assurance dimension. And purchase intention have a great effect on purchase action. Through the results, we can confirm festival service quality effect on purchase intention by a medium of local image indirectly. we suggest that improving festival service quality can effect on sales increase of local start-up companies, and for the purpose of sales increase, local government must improve local image at first.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.115-126
• /
• 1999

Past nears many Studies have been described for present state and forecasted for the future phenomena in various areas. Many theories and methodologies in transportation have been developed and applied by researchers and planners. On the other hand, many theories and methodologies had disappeared caused by their critical limitations. One of this cause that was discovered of the Chaos in traffic flows. The occurrence of Chaos in traffic flows has affected to the traffic volume and decreased significancy of a simulation result of a specific traffic flow. According to this fact, long-term forecast of traffic flow is difficult, moreover a butterfly effect impedes development and establishment of transportation model. A methodology to solve Chaos character in traffic flow can be able to provide more effective transport planning. This study tackles to enhance and revise the existing theories for the traffic flow applying Chaos theory to estimating travel time.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.26-31
• /
• 2001

Background: Sympathetic blocks with local anesthetics are used to differentiate sympathetically- maintained pain (SMP) from sympathetically-independent pain (SIP). However, systemic lidocaine is also used in the management of neuropathic pain. Therefore, there may be possibility of a false positive response in relieving their pain by systemic absorption of lidocaine following a diagnostic sympathetic block in patients with SIP. In this study, we measured the plasma lidocaine concentrations after a stellate ganglion block (SGB) using three volumes of 1% lidocaine. Methods: This prospective, crossover study was performed in 3 patients who experience sudden hearing loss and in 4 volunteers. Each person received SGB three times using three different volumes (6 ml, 12 ml and 16 ml) of 1% lidocaine at one week intervals. SGB was performed using a 23 G butterfly needle via a paratracheal approach by two persons. Two ml of venous blood was obtained from a prepared contra-lateral sided venous route at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20 and 60 min after SGB. Plasma lidocaine level was analyzed by immunoassay. Results: Mean plasma lidocaine concentrations correlated well with the volumes of 1% lidocaine used in SGB; larger volumes showed higher concentrations (P < 0.01). Mean peak plasma concentrations were $1.08{\pm}0.18$ in 6 ml, $1.90{\pm}0.47$ in the 12 ml and $2.74{\pm}0.67{\mu}g/ml$ in the 16 ml groups (P < 0.01). The mean time to reach peak plasma concentration was not significantly different between the three groups. Conclusions: The peak plasma lidocaine concentrations in SGB using large volume were found to be similar to that of IV lidocaine infusion in the management of neuropathic pain. These data suggest that diagnostic sympathetic block may result in many false positive responses for SMP. Part of its effect may be related to systemic local anesthetic absorption and not to a sympathetic block. Therefore, physicians may be required to use optimal volumes and minimal concentration of local anesthetic in diagnostic sympathetic block procedures and also make a careful assessment of the performance of a permanent sympathetic block.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.123-128
• /
• 2017

The magnetic isotropy property from the magnetoresistance (MR) curve and magnetization (MH) loop for the PtMn based spin valve (SV) multilayer films fabricated with different the bottom structure after post-annealing treatment was investigated. The exchange biased coupling field ($H_{ex}$), coercivity ($H_c$), and MR ratio of Glass/Ta(10 nm)/CoFe(6 nm)/Cu(2.5 nm)/CoFe(3 nm)/Ta(4 nm) SV multilayer film without antiferromagnetic PtMn layer are 0 Oe, 25 Oe, and 3.3 %, respectively. MR curve for the Glass/Ta(10 nm)/CoFe(6 nm)/Cu(2.5 nm)/CoFe(3 nm)/PtMn(6 nm)/Ta(4 nm) SV multilayer film showed $H_{ex}=2Oe$, $H_c=316Oe$, and MR (%) = 4.4 % with one butterfly MR curve having by the effect of antiferromagnetic PtMn layer. MR curve for the dualtype Glass/Ta(10 nm)/CoFe(6 nm)/Cu(2.5 nm)/CoFe(3 nm)/PtMn(6 nm)/CoFe(3 nm)/Cu(2.5 nm)/CoFe(6 nm)/Ta(4 nm) SV multilayer film showed $H_c=37.5Oe$ and 386 Oe, MR = 3.5 % and 6.5 % with two butterfly MR curves and square-like hysteresis MH loops. The anisotropy property in CoFe spin valve-PtMn multilayer is neglected by the effects of a very small value of $H_{ex}$ and a very slightly shape magnetic anisotropy. This result is possible to explain the effect of magnetization configuration spin array of the bottom SV film and the top SV film of PtMn layer.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.469-499
• /
• 2016

The present study investigated the cognitive mechanism underlying online processing of Korean syntactic (for example, A bed/a clock belongs to/doesn't belong to the furniture "침대는/시계는 가구에 속한다/속하지 않는다") and lexical negation (for example, A tiger/a butterfly has/doesn't have a tail "호랑이는/나비는 꼬리가 있다/없다") using an ERP(Event-related potentials) technique and a truth-value verification task. 23 Korean native speakers were employed for the whole experiment and 15's brain responses (out of 23) were recorded for the ERP analysis. The behavioral results (i.e. verification task scores) show that there is universal pattern of the accuracy and response time for verification process: True-Affirmative (high accuracy and short latency) > False-Affirmative > False-Negated > True-Negated. However, the components (early N400 & P600) reflecting the immediate processing of a negation operator were observed only in lexical negation. Moreover, the ERP patterns reflecting an effect of truth value were not identical: N400 effect was observed in the true condition compared to the false condition in the lexically negated sentences, whereas Positivity effect (like early P600) was observed in the false condition compared to the true condition in the syntactically negated sentences. In conclusion, the form and location of negation operator varied by languages and negation types influences the strategy and pattern of online negation processing, however, the final representation resulting from different computational processing of negation appears to be language universal and is not directly affected by negation types.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.537-549
• /
• 2015

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of two local festivals, already recognized as a successful regional cultural festival, over a period of time to apply the product life cycle theory. As a result of the analysis of the two festivals, in introduction stage, the festival organizers have focused mainly on settling down the festival's core programs and raising awareness on the subject of the festival for the stimulation for basic demands. Second, for maintaining increasing demands, the qualitative improvement of the core program, the development of new programs and the expansion of the programs for the visitors' convenience and safety were focused on. In addition, strategies for promoting awareness of the festival had modified the strategy to promote on the contents and programs of the festival, as well as public relations strategy, not only domestic but also the foreign countries, was established and fulfilled. Lastly, in maturity stage, to overcome declining the number of visitors and economic effect both festivals have showed providing sophisticated programs for the visitors' convenience and safety, improving service quality through the development of the existing programs, providing economic benefits such as admission cuts or giving gift certificates and expanding number of foreign visitors with strengthening the promotion that was implemented in growth stage and enhancing the better image of the festival through the social contribution. Therefore, strategies for the each stage mentioned above present the significant policy implications for festival organizers who were planning to establish a new festival or implementing a festival with experiencing the tepid growth.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.28-42
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine consumers' recognition, purchase intention, price acceptability of carving decoration, which can be said to be one part of food-space presentation, food styling, and table decoration. For this, a survey was carried out to target adults in over 20 years old who use a bus and a subway during morning and evening time in Daegu area from May 18, 2009 to May 22, 2009, and 296 copies were used for the final analysis. As a result of the research, over 50% of the consumers know about carving, saying they have come to mow it mostly through TV. Carving was mentioned to be probably used the most in buffet restaurants and other types of restaurants, and to be likely to be used the most in buffet restaurants and Japanese-style food Also, they responded that flower-butterfly carving & Japanese-style food, animal-form carving & Chinese-style food, and watermelon carving & buffet are harmonized the most. In addition, consumers with high recognition of carving decoration were indicated to be high in purchase intention and price acceptability. Also, Consumers with low recognition of carving decoration perceive very low price acceptability even if being high in purchase intention. However, when purchase intention of consumers with high recognition of carving decoration was high, price acceptability was indicted very highly.