• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.121-131
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• 2006

Atmospheric bulk (wet and dry) samples were monthly collected in Masan and Heangam areas of Korea, to assess the deposition flux and seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deposition fluxes of PAHs in bulk samples were determined using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer detector (GC/MSD). Particle deposition fluxes from Masan and Haengam areas varied from 13 to $87\;g/m^2/year$ and from 5 to $52\;g/m^2/year$, respectively. PAHs deposition fluxes in atmospheric bulk samples in Masan and Haengam areas ranged from 135 to $464\;{\mu}g/m^2/year$ and from 62.2 to $194\;{\mu}g/m^2/year$, respectively. Atmospheric deposition fluxes of particles and PAHs in this study were comparable to or slightly lower values than those from different locations in Korea and other countries. PAHs profiles of atmospheric deposition bulk samples showed slightly different from two sampling areas, however the predominant species of PAHs were similar. Indeno (1,2,3-c,d)pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, phenanthrene compounds were the most detected PAHs in deposition bulk samples. Carcinogenic PAHs occupied the contribution of approximately $30-40\%$ of the total PAHs deposition fluxes. The non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) was used, to assess the differentiation of PAHs source between two sampling areas. The result suggests that PAHs contamination sources were different according to the location and season surveyed. There was no an apparent relationship between the PAHs deposition flux against temperature and rainfall amount, even though summer season with the highest temperature and the largest amount of precipitation showed the lowest PAHs deposition flux. Benzo(e)pyrene/benzo(a)pyrene ratio indicated that the photo-degradation process was one of important factors to the seasonal variation of PAHs with the lower deposition fluxes.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.469-478
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• 2004

Atmospheric bulk (wet and dry) samples were monthly collected in an urban environment (Daeyeon-dong) of Busan over a year, to assess the deposition flux and seasonality of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DLPCBs) using stainless steel pots. Deposition fluxes of DLPCBs in bulk samples were determined using high resolution gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Particle deposition fluxes in the urban environment varied from 23 to 98 $mg^2$/year (mean 41 $gm^2$/year). DLPCB deposition fluxes in atmospheric bulk samples ranged from 0.09 to 0.77 ng-$TEQ/m^2$/year (mean 0.35 ng-$TEQ/m^2$/year). Seasonal atmospheric deposition fluxes of DLPCBs were high in winter and low in summer. Atmospheric deposition fluxes of particles and DLPCBs in this study were comparable to or slightly lower values than those of different locations in the world. Monthly DLPCB profiles in deposition bulk samples were similar over a year. Non-ortho PCBs were higher contributions to the total DLPCBs fluxes than mono-ortho PCBs. In particular, PCB 126 had the highest concentrartion (>75%) in all deposition samples, followed by PCB 169 and PCB 156. A highly positive correlation was found among the deposition fluxes of DLPCB species, suggesting the possibility of that the DLPCB contamination originated from one source. The deposition fluxes of DLPCBs were not significantly correlated with temperature and the amount of precipitation even though the summer season with the highest temperature and the largest amount of precipitation showed the lowest DLPCB deposition flux.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2018

To investigate the effects of forest and the surrounding natural and anthropogenic sources on the bulk depositions on forested land, this study examined differences in ion concentrations between wet-only and bulk samples at two forested sites in Japan. The surrounding natural and anthropogenic sources at each site were different; Shirasaka is in a rural area and Tanashi is an urban environment. The volume weighted (vw) mean concentrations of $K^+$ and $Ca^{2+}$ in the bulk samples were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in the wet-only samples at both sites. The forest canopy and a nearby incineration plant were hypothesized to be the main sources of $K^+$ contaminants at Shirasaka and Tanashi, respectively. The transport of sea salt and urban dust may explain the presence of enriched $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations in the bulk samples at Shirasaka and Tanashi, respectively. The $NH_4{^+}$ concentrations in the Shirasaka bulk samples were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in the wet-only samples. The vw mean $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ concentrations in both sample types were not significantly different at either site. This study demonstrated that the ion concentration differences between wet-only and bulk samples were affected by nearby natural and anthropogenic sources even at forest sites, similar to previous findings for non-forested locations. However, the $K^+$ concentration differences between wet-only and bulk samples may be higher owing to forest sources, even in the absence of anthropogenic sources.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.164-168
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• 2005

Piezoelectric ZnO thin films were for the first time formed on SiO$_2$/Si(100) substrate using 2-step deposition, atomic layer deposition(ALD) and RF magnetron sputtering deposition, for film bulk acoustic resonator(FBAR) applications. The ZnO buffer layer by ALD was deposited using alternating diethyl zinc(DEZn)/$H_2O$ exposures and ultrahigh purity argon gas for purging. The ZnO films by 2-step deposition revealed stronger c-axis-preferred orientation and smoother surface than those by the conventional RF sputtering method. The solidly mounted resonator(SMR)-typed FBAR fabricated by using 2-step deposition method revealed higher quality factor of 580 and lower return loss of -17.35dB. Therefore the 2-step deposition method in this study could be applied to the FBAR device fabrication.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.279-284
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• 2008

We investigated whether carboxylate exudation of Brassica pekinensis Rupr. was affected by nitrate deposition from simulated acid rain. A gas chromatographic (GC) analysis was employed for the determination of low molecular weight organic acids (LOA) in rhizosphere soils, bulk soil, roots and leaves of Brassica pekinensis Rupr.. Rhizosphere soils were collected after 8 weeks of plant growth by first removing the bulk soil from the root system and then by mechanical move off the rhizosphere soil that adhered to the root surface with soft brush. Soil and plant materials were simultaneously extracted with the mixture of methanol and sulfuric acid (100:7, v/v). Seven organic acids, oxalic, malonic, fumaric, succinic, maleic, L-malic and citric acid were identified and quantified by GC equipped with FID. Oxalic, L-malic, and citric acids were found in both the bulk and rhizosphere soils, while most LOAs were not detected in the control treatment. On the contrary, except maleic acid, all other organic acids were detected in the leaves and roots of cabbages treated with nitrate deposition.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.111-113
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• 2006

A new thin film deposition technique of piezoelectric ZnO film and its successful application for film bulk: acoustic resonator (FBAR) devices are presented. The two-step deposition used seems to be able to deposit ZnO film with a highly preferred orientation. The FBAR devices with the ZnO films show an excellent return loss of $35{\sim}50$ dB at $1.5{\sim}2$ GHz.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.209-216
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• 2001

Dustfall particles were collected by the modified American dust jar (wide inlet bottle type) at 6 sampling sites in Pusan area from March, 1999 to February, 2000. Thirteen chemical species (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, and Zn) were analyzed by AAS and ICP. The purposes of this study were to estimate qualitatively various bulk deposition flux of dustfall and insoluble components by applying regional and seasonal distribution. Dustfall amount of regional variations were found in order of coastal zone, industrial zone, commercial zone, agricultural zone and residential zone, and seasonal total dustfall had higher concentrations during spring for 6.741 ton/${km}^2$/season, lower concentrations during summer for 1.989 ton/${km}^2$/season, and annual total concentration was 17.742 ton/${km}^2$/year. The regional distributions of enrichment factor show well-defined anthropogenic metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) at industrial and agricultural zone, and contribution rate of soil particles were found in order of summer, fall, winter and spring. Factor loading effects of chemical composition of dustfall were found in order of road traffic emission source and combustion processed source, industrial activity source, soil source and marine source.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 1995

We have performed Brillouin light scattering experiments to study the elastic properties of Cr films deposited on soda-lime glasses by using Ar-ion assisted deposition techniques. The elastic constants of the films increased as the ion-current density employed during the film deposition increases and they approached to the values of bulk Cr. The best fit values of the elastic constants of the films manufactured with ion current density of $400\muA/cm^{2}$are $c_{11}=296, c_{13}=83, c_{33}=289$, and $c_{55}=c_{44}=108(\times10^9/N/m^{2}}$ and these are 5% lower than those of bulk Cr in hexagonal symmetry. metry.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.75-79
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• 2009

An intrinsic silicon thin film passivation layer is deposited by the microwave remote-plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition at temperature of $175^{\circ}C$ and various gas ratios for solar cell applications. The good quality amorphous silicon films were formed at silane $(SiH_4)$ gas flow rates above 15 seem. The highest effective carrier lifetime was obtained at the $SiH_4$, flow rate of 20 seem and the value was about 3 times higher compared with the bulk lifetime of 5.6 ${\mu}s$ at a fixed injection level of ${\Delta}n\;=\;5{\times}10^{14}\;cm^{-3}$. An annealing treatment was performed and the carrier life times were increased approximately 5 times compared with the bulk lifetime. The optimal annealing temperature and time were obtained at 250 $^{\circ}C$ and 60 sec respectively. This indicates that the combination of the deposition of an amorphous thin film at a low temperature and the annealing treatment contributes to the excellent surface and bulk passivation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.358-361
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• 2002

체적파 박막형 공진기 (FBAR: Film Bulk Acoustic wave Resonator)소자를 제조하여, 박막의 c축 우선 배향성을 조절하는 것이 FBAR 소자 특성을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 MEMS 공정에 의해 Membrane 구조의 FBAR(Film Bulk Acoustic wave Resonator) 소자를 구현하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 Si 기판을 Back-etching 하여 membrane 구조를 제작하였고 압전층으로 ZnO을 Sputtering 공정에 의해 증착 후, 공정 조건에 따른 우선 배향성을 관찰하였다.