• Speech Sciences
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• v.6
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• pp.119-143
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• 1999

In this paper, the development of English Intonational Phonology is introduced. The existing representation systems of intonation are largely divided into the American structuralist school and the British school, which describe intonation by means of 'levels' and 'configurations' respectively. Both representation systems have some theory-internal problems, however. As for the American school, there is no way to represent pitches much lower than the reference line, while the system of intonation in the British school is limited in that intonation is described in a phonetic impressionistic way rather than from a phonological perspective. Intonational Phonology, a real phonological approach, which has grown out of the basic assumptions of autosegmental-metrical(AM) theory has been suggested by Pierrehumbert(1980). In her approach, an intonational tune is made up of one or more pitch accents, followed by an obligatory phrase accent and an obligatory boundary tone, and interestingly 22 combinations are possible. Intonational Phonology has been revised from Beckman & Pierrehumbert(1986) in developing ToBI(Tones & Break Indices), a proposed standard for labelling prosodic features of digital speech databases in English.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.125-127
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• 2003

The aim of the paper is to analyze prosodic characteristics in apraxia of speech and establish the fundamental sources in diagnosis of motor speech disorders. The sentences consist of two different types (declarative and interrogative) with different numbers of constituents which are one to three. The stimuli were constructed to assess apraxics speech with articulation and humming skills. The features of speech patterns were examined such as utterance duration, boundary tones, and etc. The results of the analysis are as follow: 1) In the interrogative sentences, the rising boundary tones appeared only in the humming tasks 2) the utterance duration is relatively shorter in the humming tasks than the speech with articulation.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.191-195
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• 2003

The aim of this paper is to analyze the phonetic features for disguised voice. In this paper we examined the features such as phonation types, pitch range, speech rate, intonation type and boundary tones etc. So the result of the analysis is as follows. : $\circled1$ Phonation types are very important manner of disguised voice for male subjects. $\circled2$ Pitch range and average of pitch value is very important cue for speaker verification. $\circled3$ pitch contour, speech rate and boundary tones can be a secondary cue for speaker verification.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.298-301
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• 2007

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.12a
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• pp.671-677
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• 2003

Two-dimensional direct numerical simulation of the edge-tones by the finite difference lattice Boltzmann method (FDLBM) is presented. We use a new lattice BGK compressible fluid model that has an additional term and allow larger time increment comparing the conventional FDLBM, and also use a boundary fitted coordinates. We have succeeded in capturing very small pressure fluctuations result from periodically oscillation of jet around the edge. That pressure fluctuations propagate with the sound speed. It is clarified that the sound wave generated in rather wide region and individual vortices do not affect the sound wave propagation.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.30 no.6C
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• pp.505-511
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• 2005

Autonomic machines interacting with human should have capability to perceive the states of emotion and attitude through implicit messages for obtaining voluntary cooperation from their clients. Voice is the easiest and most natural way to exchange human messages. The automatic systems capable to understanding the states of emotion and attitude have utilized features based on pitch and energy of uttered sentences. Performance of the existing emotion recognition systems can be further improved withthe support of linguistic knowledge that specific tonal section in a sentence is related with the states of emotion and attitude. In this paper, we attempt to improve recognition rate of emotion by adopting such linguistic knowledge for Korean ending boundary tones into anautomatic system implemented using pitch-related features and multilayer perceptrons. From the results of an experiment over a Korean emotional speech database, the improvement of $4\%$ is confirmed.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.319-338
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• 2003

The aim of this paper is to examine the sentence final tonal patterns of English wh-questions through phonetic experiments, based on Intonational Phonology, and to explain the meaning of the final phrase tones of English wh-questions. Pierrehumbert and Hirschberg (1990) suggested that it is pitch accents rather than boundary tones which play a crucial role in the meaning of a sentence, and that most of the general questions have H-H% tonal patterns in the sentence final. However, they could not explain why wh-questions had final falling tonal patterns (L-L%). While Bartels (1999) suggested that L phrase tone has the meaning of 'ASSERTION' and it could be applied to the explanation of the meaning of wh-questions' final tonal patterns. However, her suggestions are only theoretical explanation without any experimental support. In this paper, based on Bartels (1999), the data was classified into the following three classes: 1) echo wh-questions, 2) reference questions, and 3) common wh-questions. Using this data, a production test by three English native speakers was conducted. The results show that reference questions and common wh-questions have L phrase tones in the sentence final at a high rate, and echo wh-questions have H phrase tones in the sentence final at a high rate.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.53-64
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• 2007

This paper attempts to verify the theoretical claims in Syntax ($Bo{\check{s}}kovi{\acute{c}}$ & Lasnik, 2003; Kim, 1999, 2004) about the phrasing in English that-clauses, presenting an acoustic experiment conducted to observe the patterns of edge tones at the boundaries of that. In the experiment, two different that clauses, complement and relative clauses, were varied in forms (that-retention, that-deletion, adverb insertion before that) and length. Results showed that edge tones, if occurred, mostly showed up before the complement clauses in that-deletion sentences (67%), and that their positions polarized in adverb insertion sentences (56% before toot and 44% after toot). In the relative clauses, phrasing mostly occurred before toot as opposed to after toot in that-retention (73%) and adverb insertion sentences (87%). Additionally, phrasing tends to occur more frequently as the sentences get longer. The results suggest that the previous claims based on syntax are not consistent with the results of the current phonetic experiment. This may be interpreted as stating that syntactic boundaries do not always indicate phonetic phrasing, and that there may be some other factors to determine phrasing patterns, for example, rhythmic phrasing operating at the surface level of speech.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.84-88
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• 1999

The accurate estimation of segmental duration is crucial for natural-sounding text-to-speech synthesis. For predicting Korean segmental durations, conventional methods utilized phonemic context, part-of-speech context and locational information in prosodic phrase. In this paper, the tonal information of phonemes is employed for more accurate prediction. After defining two non-boundary tones and six boundary tones, we annotated the tonal label on each syllable of 400 sentences. To predict segmental duration using tonal information, we constructed neural networks with a real-valued output node predicting phonemic duration and trained them by backpropagation algorithm. Experimental results showed that the proposed features are effective for predicting Korean segmental durations, and we got 0.863 correlation coefficient of the observed durations and predicted ones.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.2
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• pp.159-172
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• 1997

This paper proposes a prosodic representation system of the Kyungnam dialect of Korean, based on the ToBI system. In this system, diverse intonation patterns are transcribed on the four parallel tiers: a tone tier, a break index tier, an orthographic tier, and a miscellaneous tier. The tone tier employs pitch accents, phrase accents, and boundary tones marked with diacritics in order to represent various pitch events. The break index tier uses five break indices, numbered from 0 to 4, in order to represent degrees of connectiveness in speech by associating each inter-word position with a break index. In this, each break index represents a boundary of some kind of constituent. This system can contribute not only to a more detailed theory connecting prosody, syntax, and intonation, but also to current text-to-speech synthesis approaches, speech recognition, and other quantitative computational modellings.