• Membrane Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.268-275
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• 2014

The water-insoluble poly(phenoxy-methylamino)phosphazene has been synthesized and investigated as the new type of diagnostic membrane for the measurements of blood glucose level. Final absorbances at 680 nm through activated polyphosphazene membranes were measured at various concentration of glucose in blood. The end-point results of varing absorbance values according to time (K/S) were used to obtain glucose concentration. The effects of substitution rates with hydrophilic methylamino groups and hydrophobic phenoxy groups on the measurements of glucose concentration were studied. Dose-response slope (DRS) values between glucose concentration and K/S values increased as the hydrophilic substitution rates increased. However, in less than 5% of the hydrophilic substitution rates, DRS values are too low, and in more than 25% of the hydrophilic substitution rates, because DRS increased rapidly, it was difficult to measure exact concentration level of glucose.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1048-1057
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• 1994

Nonobese NIDDM patients were studied were studied with respect to changes in visceral protein status, serum glucose and lipids and insulin secretion capacity before and after intake of enteral formula. Patients with renal or hepatic disease, gastrectomy, malabsorption, weight gain over past 6 months and poorly controlled blood glucose level were excluded. Eighteen patients served as case and administered, in addition of their usual diet, 400ml of enteral formula for 8 weeks. Another 18 patients participated in controls and had usual food intake for 8 weeks. In the begining, the levels of fasting and postprandial glucose, glycated hemoglobin, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, albumin, total protein and transferrin and glucose response area on oral glucose tolerance test were not different between two groups. The response areas of insulin, C-peptide and free fatty acid and serum IGF-1 level were higher in the case than in the control group. Energy intake of patients given enteral formula exceeded their estimated energy requirements(108%) and they consumed a mean of 112g protein per day. Patients given enteral formula showed an increase in body weight(4.4%), serum transferrin(10%), IGF-1(13%) and triglyceride(34%) while controls showed no changes in those parameters at 8 weeks compared to initial values. There were no significant changes after 8 weeks in the levels of glucose, glycated hemoglobin, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, total protein and albumin and response areas of glucose, insulin, C-peptide and free fatty acid in both groups compared to initial values. This study suggests that nutrition supplement with enteral formula can increase body weight and visceral protein status in nonobese NIDDM patients without changes in blood glucose. However, excessive calorie intake could temporarily increase serum triglyceride. In addition, this study indicates that serum transferrin and IGF-1 are more sensitive indicators to changes of protein intake than serum albumin and total protein.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of quercetin (QE) in animal models of diabetes mellitus (DM). A starch solution (1 g/kg) with and without QE (100 mg/kg) or acarbose (40 mg/kg) was orally administered to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats after an overnight fast. Postprandial plasma glucose levels were measured and incremental areas under the response curve were calculated. To study the effects of chronic feeding of QE, five-week-old db/db mice were fed an AIN-93G diet, a diet containing QE at 0.08%, or a diet containing acarbose at 0.03% for 7 weeks after 1 week of adaptation. Plasma glucose and insulin, blood glycated hemoglobin, and maltase activity of the small intestine were measured. Oral administration of QE (100 mg/kg) or acarbose (40 mg/kg) to STZ-treated rats significantly decreased incremental plasma glucose levels 30-180 min after a single oral dose of starch and the area under the postprandial glucose response, compared with the control group. QE (0.08% of diet) or acarbose (0.03% of diet) offered to db/db mice significantly reduced both plasma glucose and blood glycated hemoglobin compared to controls without significant influence on plasma insulin. Small intestine maltase activities were significantly reduced by consumption of QE or acarbose. Thus, QE could be effective in controlling fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels in animal models of DM.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.462-470
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• 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of saengshik in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and to explore the potential of three commercially available saengshik products (BS, LS, WS) as an alternative diabetic meal. Blood glucose levels were measured at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes after the ingestion of experimental materials. In experiment 1, the amount of experimental materials remained the same. We measured blood glucose-related biomarkers as the area under the blood glucose response curve (AUC), glycemic index (GI), maximum concentration (Cmax), and time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax). AUC and Cmax of the experimental group showed significant differences compared to the control group, while GI and Tmax did not show significant differences among the groups but were lower in the experimental group compared to the control group. In experiment 2, carbohydrates were adjusted to the same amount. We measured blood glucose-related biomarkers in the same manner as Experiment 1 and obtained similar results. These hypoglycemic effects appear to be attributed to phytochemicals and dietary fiber found in whole, unrefined grains. These results suggest that saengshik exerts hypoglycemic effects by modulation of glucose-related biomarkers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.11-26
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• 2018

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to review the effects of exercise intervention on blood glucose control in obese type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: The PubMed and KERISS search engines were used and 61 papers that met the key questions were selected. RESULTS: Exercise is an effective intervention for the control of blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients because it does not impair glucose transport in the skeletal muscle induced by muscle contractions. Insulin resistance, which is characteristic of type 2 diabetes, is caused by decreased insulin sensitivity or insulin responsiveness. Acute exercise improves the glucose metabolism by increasing the insulin-independent signaling pathways and insulin sensitivity in the skeletal muscle, and regular long-term exercise improves the skeletal muscle insulin responsiveness and systemic glucose metabolism by increasing the mitochondrial and GLUT4 protein expression in the skeletal muscle. CONCLUSION: The improvement of the glucose metabolism through exercise shows a dose-response pattern, and if exercise consumes the same number of calories, high intensity exercise will be more effective for the glucose metabolism. On the other hand, it is practically difficult for a patient with obese type 2 diabetes to control their blood glucose with high intensity or long-term exercise. Therefore, it will be necessary to study safe adjuvants (cinnamic acid, lithium) that can produce similar effects to high-intensity and high-volume exercises in low-intensity and low-volume exercises.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2012

This study was designed to investigate whether Sargassum ringgoldianum extract may inhibit ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and ${\alpha}$-amylase activities, and alleviate postprandial hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The $IC_{50}$ values of Sargassum ringgoldianum extract against ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and ${\alpha}$-amylase were 0.12 mg/mL and 0.18 mg/mL, respectively, which evidenced higher activities than those of acarbose. The blood glucose levels of the Sargassum ringgoldianum extract administered group were significantly lower compared to the control group in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Moreover, the area under the two-hour blood glucose response curve was significantly reduced and the absorption of dietary carbohydrates was delayed after administration of Sargassum ringgoldianum extract in the diabetic mice. Therefore, these results indicated that Sargassum ringgoldianum extract may help decrease the postprandial blood glucose level via inhibiting ${\alpha}$-glucosidase.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.805-818
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• 1994

This study investigated the effect of enteral nutrition supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM) patients(n=29). Nutrition formula(400kcal/day) were supplied daily for eight weeks as a substitute for a snack or a meal. Subjects were divided into three groups based on changes of fasting blood glucose(FBG), glucose response area(GRA) on oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT), before and after intake of nutrition formula : group 1(the group of a decrease in FBG and GRA, n=20), group 2(the group of a decrease in FBG and an increase in GRA, n=4), and group 3(the group of an increase in FBF and GRA, n=5). Before nutrition supplementation, group 3 showed a longer tendency of DM duration and a lower tendency of insulin and C-peptide response are than those of group 1 and 2. At 8 weeks after nutrition supplementation, group 1 showed a significant increase in insulin and C-peptide response areas but group 2 and 3 showed no change in those areas. After nutrition supplementation, all three groups showed a tendency of decrease in glycated hemoglobin and no significant changes in the levels of serum triglycerides, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, albumin, transferrin, creatinine, GOT and GPT. The results suggest that using an enteral nutrition formula in NIDDM patients is a good substitute for a meal or snack and could improve blood glucose control without any changes in lipid levels, and liver and kidney functions. The beneficial effect of nutrition supplementation on glycemic control resulted from components of nutrition formula had such as additional fiber and high monounsaturated fatty acid as the source of fat to be helpful 세 glycemic control in diabetics.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.252-258
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• 2008

This study was designed to determine whether acute fructose or sucrose administration at different levels (0.05 g/kg, 0.1 g/kg or 0.4 g/kg body weight) might affect oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normal and type 2 diabetic rats. In OGTT, there were no significant differences in glucose responses between acute fructose- and sucrose-administered groups. However, in normal rats, the AUCs of the blood glucose response for the fructose-administered groups tended to be lower than those of the control and sucrose-administered groups. The AUCs of the lower levels fructose- or sucrose-administered groups tended to be smaller than those of higher levels fructose- or sucrose-administered groups. In type 2 diabetic rats, only the AUC of the lowest level of fructose-administered (0.05 g/kg body weight) group was slightly smaller than that of the control group. The AUCs of fructose-administered groups tended to be smaller than those of the sucrose-administered groups, and the AUCs of lower levels fructose-administered groups tended to be smaller than those fed higher levels of fructose. We concluded from this experiment that fructose has tendency to be more effective in blood glucose regulation than sucrose, and moreover, that smaller amount of fructose is preferred to larger amount. Specifically, our experiments indicated that the fructose level of 0.05 g/kg body weight as dietary supplement was the most effective amount for blood glucose regulation from the pool of 0.05 g/kg, 0.1 g/kg and 0.4 g/kg body weights. Therefore, our results suggest the use of fructose as the substitute sweetener for sucrose, which may be beneficial for blood glucose regulation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.398-406
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• 2015

Purpose: In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of sucrose containing 2 different levels of xylooligosaccharide on the glycemic index (GI) and blood glucose response in healthy adults. Methods: Healthy adults (4 male participants and 6 female participants, n = 10) were randomized to receive glucose, sucrose, sucrose containing 7% xylooligosaccharide active elements (Xylo 7), or sucrose containing 10% xylooligosaccharide active elements (Xylo 10). Each participant was administrated one of these materials once a week for 8 weeks and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Results: We found a reduction in the glycemic response to sucrose that included xylooligosaccharide active elements (Xylo 7 and Xylo 10). The glycemic indices of sucrose, Xylo 7 and Xylo 10 were 68.9, 54.7, and 52.5, respectively. The GI values of Xylo 7 and Xylo 10 were similar to that of foods with low GI. The percentage reduction of GI value caused by sucrose containing xylooligosaccharide active elements was significantly different and dose-dependent as compared to that caused by sucrose alone (p < 0.05). The reduction in the glycemic response to Xylo 7 and Xylo 10 was 21% and 24%, respectively, as compared to the glycemic response to sucrose. The attenuation of the glycemic response to Xylo 10 tended to be higher than that for Xylo 7 when the percentage of body fat was increased. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that xylooligosaccharide active elements may be effective in protecting humans against overconsumption of sucrose.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2007

The effects of sudden changes of water temperature (WT) on the physiological response and hematological characteristics of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) were examined by manipulating WT in a flow through freshwater culture system with tanks. The WT was dropped from $15^{\circ}C$ to $10^{\circ}C$ within 1 hour and then returned to the original water temperature within 12 hours and maintained for 12 hours at the normal WT. The WT stress give continued for 3 days. Plasma levels of cortisol, glucose and lactic acid were higher in stress group than that of non-stressed group until 72 hours. However, The $Na^+,\;Cl^-$, osmolality and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels showed no significant differences in two groups. This results in stress group showed that goldfish exhibit "typical" physiological responses (in cortisol, glucose, lactic acid, hematocrit, red blood cell and hemoglobin) to the stress induced by WT changes.