• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.74-82
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• 2011

The bast fiber of Paper mulberry has been generally used as a fibrous raw material in traditional Hanji-making. Nowadays, its uses is expanded to different special purposes such as paper mulberry yarn, laminated paper, antimicrobial paper depending on its application. Despite the wide array of the use of mulberry fibers, it is still limited due to some difficulties in the automation process of manufacturing works. This study is focused on the analysis of chemical components and morphological properties of paper mulberry bark for the automation of bark peeling process. The bast tissue of paper mulberry was separated in three plies; black outer layer, green inner layer, and white inner layer. The total lignin content, holocelluloses, extractives and ashes, and the anatomical structure of the three layers in mulberry bark tissue were investigated. The analysis showed that the black outer layer is composed of about 50% of total lignin content, whereas the white inner layer is composed of about 90% of holocellulose content.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.262-269
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• 2014

Complex of mulberry extract (CME) is composed of extracts of mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit, mulberry leaves and black beans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). In this study, we investigated prevention effects of CME on degenerative arthritis. The $SC_{50}$ value of DPPH radical scavenging by CME was $158.49{\pm}11.35{\mu}/mL$. We found that CME significantly reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in RAW 264.7 cells which were activated by LPS. Experiments using animal model of degenerative arthritis showed that CME (400 mg/kg body weight) inhibited the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ (77.5%) and IL-$1{\beta}$ (95.0%). Furthermore, it was observed that CME reduced to 85.9% of paw edema induced by carrageenan. These results suggest that CME could improve degenerative arthritis.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.272-286
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• 2022

Black root rot (BRR) caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae is an alarming disease of mulberry that causes tremendous economic losses to sericulture farmers in India and China. Successful control of this disease can be attained by screening germplasm and identifying resistant sources. Seventy four diseased root samples were collected from farmer's fields belonging to four major mulberry growing states of South India. Based on morpho-cultural and scanning electron microscopy studies, 57 fungal isolates were characterized and identified as L. theobromae. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated internal transcribed spacer and β-tubulin sequences revealed variation of the representative 20 isolates of L. theobromae. Following the root dip method of inoculation, pathogenicity studies on susceptible mulberry genotypes (Victory-1 and Thailand male) recognized the virulent isolate MRR-142. Accordingly, MRR-142 isolate was used to evaluate resistance on a set of 45 diverse mulberry accessions. In the repeated experiments, the mulberry accession ME-0168 which is an Indonesian origin belonging to Morus latifolia was found to be highly resistant consistently against BRR. Eight accessions (G2, ME-0006, ME-0011, ME-0093, MI-0006, MI-0291, MI-0489, and MI-0501) were found to be resistant. These promising resistant resources may be exploited in mulberry breeding for developing BRR resistant varieties and to develop mapping populations which successively helps in the identification of molecular markers associated with BRR.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.188-194
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• 2009

In this study, we evaluated the phytochemical compositions of the fruits of the pear cactus, mulberry, and Korean black raspberry to determine how they related to antioxidant capacity. Specifically, the total soluble polyphenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents were determined, and the phenolic compounds were evaluated by HPLC. In addition, the antioxidant capacity was evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), SOD-like activity and nitrate scavenging activity. Korean black raspberry was found to have the highest level of phytochemicals, followed by mulberry and pear cactus (p<0.05). Furthermore, EPR revealed that Korean black raspberry extract (100 ${\mu}g$/mL) removed 78.6% of the superoxide radicals in a xanthin-xanthin oxidase. Additionally, when the removal of hydroxyl radicals was evaluated, the extract of pear cactus showed 50% scavenging activity at 1000 ${\mu}g$/mL. Korean black raspberry extract showed the highest SOD-like activity, which was 44% (p<0.05). Finally, the nitrate scavenging activity of both extracts of mulberry and Korean black raspberry were found to be 93%, while that of the pear cactus was 63% at pH 1.2 (p<0.05).

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.44-54
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• 2022

The food source of white-spotted flower chafer, Protaetia brevitarsis is important to economical performance. The P. brevitarsis larva were feed by mulberry and oak fermented sawdust. The effect of additional additives, Korean black raspberry (called bokbunja) marc and blueberry marc to fermented sawdust feed on the development and oviposition characteristics were investigated. The development periods of P. brevitarsis was decreased from 165.7 d to 40.0 d (mulberry sawdust) and 169.3 d to 39.0 d (oak sawdust), but the survival rate of larva was not affected by the addition of Korean black raspberry marc to fermented sawdust. However, blueberry marc addition to the fermented sawdust did not significant effect on the development period and survival rate of P. brevitarsis. The percentage of larva weight over 2.5 g was tend to increase by addition of Korean black raspberry marc and/or blueberry marc. The number of oviposition was also tend to increase by adding additional feed to sawdust but there was no significant different.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.36-44
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• 2013

This study is focused on the debarking and xylem separation yield of Paper Mulberry. We investigated the most efficient manual on the automatic debarking and xylem separator machine. The bast tissues of Paper Mulberry were separated in three layers including black outer layer, green inner layer, and white inner layer. A target is to save the white inner layer of these three layers as much as possible. The experimental machine most characterize xylem separation and debarking by frictional force between the bulges and Paper Mulberry by the drum rotation. It is possible automatically to operate the machine by controlling the temperature sensor and the time. Debarking process can be know that removed black outer layer has beem accumulate and measured the weight. The content of the extract, holocellulose, lignin and ashes of the white inner layer was analyzed. It is result that conditions of optimum process of the experimental machine is 45 RPM, temperature at $60^{\circ}C$(60 min.) and $80^{\circ}C$(60 min.), mixing bulge of 10 mm(120ea) and 30 mm(120ea) and capacity of Paper Mulberry 10 kg.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2008

A line x tester analysis was carried out in mulberry (Morns spp.) under different salinity levels to determine the changes in the genetic interaction of various morpho-biochemical characters. Five mulberry genotypes, 3 females and 2 males, differing in salt tolerance were selected for the study. Clones of these parents along with clones of the F1 hybrids were planted in earthen pots and subjected to different levels of salinity (0.0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00% NaCl). Data on morphological and biochemical characters were subjected to line x tester analysis. The result revealed significant variation among the parents studied. The prominence of non-additive gene effect under control condition suggests the need for well chalked out breeding program to exploit the non-fixable variance of components for improvement of plant height, leaf size and leaf yield, chlorophyll and photosynthesis in mulberry. However, under salinity stress a shift from non-additive gene effect to additive gene effect for the above said character further suggests the need for a change in breeding strategy. The general combining ability (GCA) analysis has identified English black as the best combiner among the parents and the specific combining ability analysis (SCA) found crosses of English black X C776 and Rotndiloba x Mandalaya were good for Plant height and leaf size and English black X C776 and Rotundiloba x C776 were good for biochemical proline and chlorophyll. From the performance of parents and their crosses under different salinity levels and also under normal cultural conditions it is concluded that in mulberry different approaches are required to develop varieties for the irrigated and saline conditions.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to investigate stability of Korean Paper(Hanji) which is being sold in the Korean markets according to aging treatment. In order to know the aging characteristics, the optical and mechanical properties of before and after wet and dry-heat aging treatment were examined. The optical and mechanical properties were shown higher reduction in the dry-heat aging treatment compared to the wet-heat aging treatment. The Soonji (pure mulberry Hanji) made from black mulberry bast pulp was shown a great reduction of the brightness and whiteness, and increase of the opacity in the aging treatment. On the other hand, in case of mechanical properties, the breaking length of Soonji made from white mulberry bast pulp was significantly higher than that of the others, and the tensile strength was shown drastic reduction in according to Soonji made from black mulberry bast pulp in the aging treatment. The burst strength of Soonji made from black and white mulberry bast pulp was shown the similar value in the wet-heat aging treatment. The folding endurance of Soonji made from white mulberry bast pulp was significantly higher than that of others before and after aging treatment. Consequently, Hanji was affected sensitive in the temperature compared to the humidity. Meanwhile, the density and color of the chinese ink was no significant changes before and after wet and dry-heat aging treatment.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

This study was carried out to develop the automation bark peeling process of paper mulberry for making Hanji. Nowadays, almost raw material has been imported from south-east asia for making Hanji. Raw material dependence is very high for Hanji-making by low productivity in korea. This study is focused on the resolution for problem of bark peeling automation. Water and sand jet of compressed air was possible bark peeling for black bast fiber. The effect of removing black bast fiber increased the longer the steaming time. Also using drum of bark peeling showed that results under temperature $80^{\circ}C$ and Rpm 50/min were best bark peeling and separating bast fiber from stem. The contents of holocellulose, lignin, ethanol-benzene extractives, and ash were 91.63~95.55%, 1.4~2.0%, 1.12~1.65%, and 1.4~4.3%, respectively. Chemical characteristics are similar between imported raw-material with drum bark.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.19-21
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• 2002

Suwonppong, which is the leading mulberry variety, has the fertility and the characteristics of fruit that are listed bellow. The percent of making seed is 61.8%, the percent of sank seed is 54.7% and the percent of germination is 95%. the percent of cross success is 31.8%. The single fruit weight of mulberry fruit is 3.58 g and its size is medium and big, the color of it is black. The sugar content of mulberry fruit is 15.7%(Brix), the total acidity is 0.18%, and the pH is 6.3. The maturing period of mulberry fruit is medium maturity and the degree of fruit setting is the same as Cheongilppong.