• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.81-88
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• 1998

This study was conducted to assess the characteristics of plgment wastewater and the removal rates of appropriate treatment by physical, chemical and biological Process, and the possibility of reuse for effluent. Based on the results, the wastewater qualities of pigment were pH 5.1$\pm$3.4, temperature 43.0$\pm$ 15.$0^{\circ}C$, BOD 1,431.4$\pm$589.6mg/l, COD 2,282.8$\pm$466.5mg/l, turbidity 1,340$\pm$820NTU, color 243.0$\pm$147.0unit, Pb 36.5$\pm$9.5mg/l and $Cr^+6$ 10.3$\pm$ 1.3mg/l, respectively. The removal rates of adsorption by activated carbon and filter process were BOD 40.6% , COD 57.0% , turbidity 89.6%, color 87.2%, Pb 86.0% and $Cr^+6$ 10.6%, respectively. And the removal rates of reduction, neutralization, coagulation and aP floatation process were BOD 18.2%, COD 24.3%, turbidity 74.3%, color 56.7%, Pb 68.6% and $Cr^+6$ 97.8%, respectively. The removal rates of activated sludge process were BOD 95.9%, COD 86.0%, turbidity 27.8%, color 25. 2%. Pb 26.9% and $Cr^+6$ 50.0% , respectively. The total removal rates of treatment by physical, chemical and biological process were BOD 98.0% , COD 95.4%, turbidity 98.1%, color 95.8%, Pb 97.0% and $Cr^+6$ 99.0%, respectively. According to the test results for possibility of reuse with coagulation-adsorption by activated carbon process of effluent, COD was higher than that of raw water and others were similar to that of raw water thus, it Is considered to be reused.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.11-25
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• 2009

연료전지는 가까운 미래를 위한 핵심 청정 신에너지원 중의 하나로 기대된다. 그러나 고분자 연료전지에서 공기극은 느린 산소환원반응과 많은 백금 사용 때문에 상업화에 어려움을 겪고 있으며, 이것을 해결하는 것이 최근 당면 과제이다. 또한 연료극은 일산화탄소의 피독 현상과 전극의 안정성이 문제시 되고 있다. 본 총설에서는 고분자 연료전지를 위한 연료극, 공기극 전기화학 촉매의 이론적 접근을 통해 촉매를 설계하는 최근 연구 내용을 소개하려 한다. 촉매 설계는 합금 전기 화학 촉매를 통해 접근 했으며, 이는 electronic, geometric, lateral effects를 손쉽게 조절할 수 있게 한다. 이것은 계산되어진 d-band center의 함수에 의존하며, 촉매의 활성과 큰 관계를 가짐을 발견하였다. 본고에서 지향하는 촉매의 최종 방향은 이론적 접근을 통해서 촉매의 사용량을 줄이면서 효율적으로 사용하는 것이다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.208-213
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• 2000

백자, 청자 및 일반 자기 제조용 점토인 3종류의 점토(백토, 청토, 황토)를 철환원 미생물을 이용한 숙성과정을 통해 점토의 개질을 수행하였다. 철환원 미생물을 이용한 숙성기간 동안 점토 종류에 따른 철환원 및 용출특성과 숙성된 점토들의 물성 변화를 조사하였다. 숙성기간동안 점토의 철용출량은 점토의 종류에 관계없이 탄소원인 sucrose의 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하였지만, 총 철용출량과 용출속도는 점토의 종류에 의존하였다. 숙성점토는 원료물질과 비교하여 sucrose 의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 수축을 변화없이 강도와 색도가 향상되었다. 점토의 색도는 점토의 종류에 많은 영향을 받았으며, 점토의 숙성과정은 색도 중 적색도가 가장 많이 감소하는 효과를 제공하였다. 숙성점토의 물리적 특성과 탈철양을 고려할 때, 점토 중에 함유된 철환원을 전자공여체로 제공되는 sucrose의 최적 첨가량은 4wt% 임을 확인하였다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권11호
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• pp.830-842
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• 2021

When perceiving microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) or plant-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), plants alter their root growth and development by displaying a reduction in the root length and the formation of root hairs and lateral roots. The exogenous application of a MAMP peptide, flg22, was shown to affect root growth by suppressing meristem activity. In addition to MAMPs, the DAMP peptide PEP1 suppresses root growth while also promoting root hair formation. However, the question of whether and how these elicitor peptides affect the development of the vascular system in the root has not been explored. The cellular receptors of PEP1, PEPR1 and PEPR2 are highly expressed in the root vascular system, while the receptors of flg22 (FLS2) and elf18 (EFR) are not. Consistent with the expression patterns of PEP1 receptors, we found that exogenously applied PEP1 has a strong impact on the division of stele cells, leading to a reduction of these cells. We also observed the alteration in the number and organization of cells that differentiate into xylem vessels. These PEP1-mediated developmental changes appear to be linked to the blockage of symplastic connections triggered by PEP1. PEP1 dramatically disrupts the symplastic movement of free green fluorescence protein (GFP) from phloem sieve elements to neighboring cells in the root meristem, leading to the deposition of a high level of callose between cells. Taken together, our first survey of PEP1-mediated vascular tissue development provides new insights into the PEP1 function as a regulator of cellular reprogramming in the Arabidopsis root vascular system.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.358-370
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• 2023

Composting has been proposed for the management of organic waste, and the resulting products can be used as soil amendments and fertilizer. However, the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O produced in composting are of considerable concern. Hence, various additives have been developed and adopted to control the emissions of GHGs. This review presents the different additives used during composting and summarizes the effects of additives on GHGs during composting. Thirty-four studies were reviewed, and their results showed that the additives can reduce cumulative CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O emission by 10.5%, 39.0%, and 28.6%, respectively, during composting. Especially, physical additives (e.g., biochar and zeolite) have a greater effect on mitigating N₂O emissions during composting than do chemical additives (e.g., phosphogypsum and dicyandiamide). In addition, superphosphate had a high CO₂ reduction effect, whereas biochar and dicyandiamide had a high N₂O reduction effect. This implies that the addition of superphosphate, biochar, and dicyandiamide during composting can contribute to mitigating GHG emissions. Further research is needed to find novel additives that can effectively reduce GHG emissions during composting.

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.304-312
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• 2023

Purpose: Due to the many problems with commercially available vaccines, the production of effective vaccines against brucellosis is a necessity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune responses caused by the chimeric protein consisting of trigger factor, Bp26, and Omp31 (TBO) along with aluminum hydroxide (AH/TBO) and selenium (Se/TBO) nanoparticles (NPs) as adjuvants in mouse model. Materials and Methods: Recombinant antigen expression was induced in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) bacteria using IPTG (isopropyl-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside). Purification and characterization of recombinant protein was conducted through NiFe₃O₄ NPs, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and Western blot. NP characteristics, including morphology and particle size, were measured in vitro. The recombinant TBO was loaded on to AH and Se NPs and were administered subcutaneously. After mice immunization, measurement of antibody titter and protection assay was performed. Results: The average sizes of AH and Se NPs were about 60 nm and 150 nm, respectively. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that the serum of mice immunized by subcutaneous injection with both nanovaccines produced significant immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses against the chimeric antigen. The results of TBO-specific IgG isotype (IgG2a/IgG1) analysis showed that both AH and Se NPs induced a type to T-helper immune response. In addition, the results of the challenge with the pathogenic strain of Brucella melitensis 16M showed that vaccinated mice with AH/TBO NPs indicated a higher reduction of bacterial culture than immunized mice with Se/TBO NPs and TBO alone. Conclusion: The results showed that AH NPs carrying chimeric antigen can be a promising vaccine candidate against brucellosis by producing protective immunity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.1403-1411
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• 2023

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the most abundant component of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and directly creates environmental issues such as global warming and climate change. Carbon capture and storage have been proposed mainly to solve the problem of increasing CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere; however, more emphasis has recently been placed on its use. Among the many methods of using CO₂, one of the key environmentally friendly technologies involves biologically converting CO₂ into other organic substances such as biofuels, chemicals, and biomass via various metabolic pathways. Although an efficient biocatalyst for industrial applications has not yet been developed, biological CO₂ conversion is the needed direction. To this end, this review briefly summarizes seven known natural CO₂ fixation pathways according to carbon number and describes recent studies in which natural CO₂ assimilation systems have been applied to heterogeneous in vivo and in vitro systems. In addition, studies on the production of methanol through the reduction of CO₂ are introduced. The importance of redox cofactors, which are often overlooked in the CO₂ assimilation reaction by enzymes, is presented; methods for their recycling are proposed. Although more research is needed, biological CO₂ conversion will play an important role in reducing GHG emissions and producing useful substances in terms of resource cycling.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.36-42
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• 2016

Purpose: Stress activates the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and induces the release of glucocorticoids. Saccharin is 300 times sweeter than sucrose, but does not increase blood insulin levels. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of saccharin intake in restraint-induced stress response reduction in rats. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats had stress induced by restraint for 2 hours/day for 1 week. Saccharin was provided in sufficient amounts to allow them to intake it voluntarily at 0.1% diluted in water. The Y-maze test and forced swim test (FST) were performed to evaluate cognitive function and the depressive behavior of the rats. The protein expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA) 1 was investigated by using immunohistochemistry. Results: It was found that, the percentage of alternation in the Y-maze test was significantly (p<.01) higher in the Stress + saccharin group than in the Stress group. Immobility time in the FST was significantly (p<.01) lower in the Stress + saccharin group than in the Stress group. Also, the positive cells of GR in hippocampus CA1 were significantly (p<.05) lower in the Stress + saccharin group than in the Stress group. Conclusion: This study showed that there was an effect of saccharin intake in restraint-induced stress response reduction in rats.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.186-196
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• 2003

Objects:The authors devebped a behavioral modification program for oveweight outpatients with schi-zophrenia and bipolar disorder will had teen treated with atypical antipsychotics, and evaluated the applicability of this program to outpatients Methods:Two men and nine women who had been treated with atypical antipsychotics and will had gained at least 5 percent of their pre-treatment body weight for 10 weeks, attended a behavioral modification program. The patients' weight, body mass index and the diet-activity scale were assessed and were compared with those of a matched comparison group will dd not attend the behavioral modification program Results:The body weight of patients who attended the behavioral modification program reduced with statistical significance, The treatment group showed significant improvement in diet-related items but not in activity-related items of the diet-activity scale Conclusions:This study suggested the applicability of a eehavioral mcdification program on weight reduction to overweight patients taking atypical antipsychotics for the frrst time in Korea Additional large scale studies are needed to validate the effectiveness of this program.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.141-146
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• 2003

Objective:To find out the optimal assessment that can relieve amenorrhea associated with risperidone. Methods:Sixteen female outpatients who have taken risperidone for more than 3 months reported voluntarily amenorrhea during Nov 2001 to May 2002. Since the reports of the amenorrhea, the resolution of amenorrhea has been prospectively followed during the next six months. The dosage of risperidone was reduced or discontinued in nine of sixteen patients, while risperidone was switched to olanzapine or quetiapine in other 7 patients according to the clinician's decision. Results:Fourteen of 16 patients showed higher levels of prolactin than normal level. Five patients of the risperidone-reduction group recovered from the amenorrhea while all subjects of the drug-switch group recovered. The resolved patients of the former group recovered from amenorrhea in the dosage below 3mg per day of risperidone. Two patients of the risperidone-reduction group were dropped out during the reduction. Conclusion:These findings suggest that risperidone-induced amenorrhea may be alleviated by reducing dosage to less 3mg per day(including discontinuation) or by switching to other antipsychotic drugs. Whether we would choose which method depends on patient's clinical status, diagnosis, and dose of medication and so on.