• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.836-847
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• 2020

Objective: We investigated the temporal expression profiles of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and mRNA in the peripheral blood of pigs during development and identified the lncRNAs that are related to the blood-based immune system. Methods: Peripheral blood samples were obtained from the pigs at 0, 7, 28, and 180 days and 2 years of age. RNA sequencing was performed to survey the lncRNA and mRNA transcriptomes in the samples. Short time-series expression miner (STEM) was used to show temporal expression patterns in the mRNAs and lncRNAs. Gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analyses were performed to assess the genes' biological relevance. To predict the functions of the identified lncRNAs, we extracted mRNAs that were nearby loci and highly correlated with the lncRNAs. Results: In total of 5,946 lncRNA and 12,354 mRNA transcripts were identified among the samples. STEM showed that most lncRNAs and mRNAs had similar temporal expression patterns during development, indicating the expressional correlation and functional relatedness between them. The five stages were divided into two classes: the suckling period and the late developmental stage. Most genes were expressed at low level during the suckling period, but at higher level during the late stages. Expression of several T-cell-related genes increased continuously during the suckling period, indicating that these genes are crucial for establishing the adaptive immune system in piglets at this stage. Notably, lncRNA TCONS-00086451 may promote blood-based immune system development by upregulating nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 2 expression. Conclusion: This study provides a catalog of porcine peripheral blood-related lncRNAs and mRNAs and reveals the characteristics and temporal expression profiles of these lncRNAs and mRNAs during peripheral blood development from the newborn to adult stages in pigs.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.496-507
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• 2018

톡소이드는 독성은 제거되고 항원성은 유지시킨 독소 단백질로써, 다양한 병원체의 감염 및 질병 예방을 위해 지속적으로 연구 되었다. 그러나, 톡소이드의 활성 감소 및 이와 함께 사용하는 어쥬번트의 부작용 등이 지속적으로 보고되면서, 면역성은 강화하고 어쥬번트의 사용은 줄일 수 있는 톡소이드 항원 전달 시스템이 필요하게 되었다. 따라서, 이러한 단점을 개선하고자 최근 새로운 백신과 약물 전달수송을 위해 다양한 분야에서 활용하고 있는 마이크로/나노 운반체를 톡소이드 항원에 도입하고 있다. 이와 같은 마이크로/나노 운반체는 미생물 자체를 이용하거나 미생물을 통해 생산해 낼 수도 있으며, 더 나아가 다양한 소재의 폴리머를 이용하여 제작할 수 있다. 본 총설에서는 톡소이드 항원 전달을 위한 마이크로/나노 운반체를 미생물 유래의 ghost cells (GCs), 그람 음성 세균이 분비하는 outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) 및 고분자 폴리머로 구성된 nanoparticles (NPs)으로 분류하였다. 마지막으로 각 운반체에 대한 톡소이드 항원의 전달 방식 및 이를 적용하였을 때 일어나는 면역반응에 대하여 서술하였으며, 이를 통해 향후 톡소이드의 효율 및 부작용이 개선되기를 기대한다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.465-482
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• 2021

Lipids, which along with carbohydrates and proteins are among the most important nutrients for the living organism, have a variety of biological functions that can be applied widely in biomedicine. A fatty acid, the most fundamental biological lipid, may be classified by length of its aliphatic chain, and the short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acids and each have distinct biological activities with therapeutic relevance. For example, short-chain fatty acids have immune regulatory activities and could be useful against autoimmune disease; medium-chain fatty acids generate ketogenic metabolites and may be used to control seizure; and some metabolites oxidized from long-chain fatty acids could be used to treat metabolic disorders. Glycerolipids play important roles in pathological environments, such as those of cancers or metabolic disorders, and thus are regarded as a potential therapeutic target. Phospholipids represent the main building unit of the plasma membrane of cells, and play key roles in cellular signaling. Due to their physical properties, glycerophospholipids are frequently used as pharmaceutical ingredients, in addition to being potential novel drug targets for treating disease. Sphingolipids, which comprise another component of the plasma membrane, have their own distinct biological functions and have been investigated in nanotechnological applications such as drug delivery systems. Saccharolipids, which are derived from bacteria, have endotoxin effects that stimulate the immune system. Chemically modified saccharolipids might be useful for cancer immunotherapy or as vaccine adjuvants. This review will address the important biological function of several key lipids and offer critical insights into their potential therapeutic applications.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제64권3호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2021

Inflammatory or immune-mediated demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) syndromes include a broad spectrum of clinical phenotype and different overlapping diseases. Antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-Ab) have been found in some cases of these demyelinating diseases, particularly in children. MOG-Ab is associated with a wider clinical phenotype not limited to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, with most patients presenting with optic neuritis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) or ADEM-like encephalitis with brain demyelinating lesions, and/or myelitis. Using specific cell-based assays, MOG-Ab is becoming a potential biomarker of inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the CNS. A humoral immune reaction against MOG was recently found in monophasic diseases and recurrent/multiphasic clinical progression, particularly in pediatric patients. This review summarizes the data regarding MOG-Ab as an impending biological marker for discriminating between these diverse demyelinating CNS diseases and discusses recent developments, clinical applications, and findings regarding the immunopathogenesis of MOG-Ab-associated disorders.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.2732-2753
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• 2019

With the application of wireless sensor networks in the fields of ecological observation, defense military, architecture and urban management etc., the security problem is becoming more and more serious. Characteristics and constraint conditions of wireless sensor networks such as computing power, storage space and battery have brought huge challenges to protection research. Inspired by the danger theory in biological immune system, this paper proposes an intrusion detection model for wireless sensor networks. The model abstracts expressions of antigens and antibodies in wireless sensor networks, defines meanings and functions of danger signals and danger areas, and expounds the process of intrusion detection based on the danger theory. The model realizes the distributed deployment, and there is no need to arrange an instance at each sensor node. In addition, sensor nodes trigger danger signals according to their own environmental information, and do not need to communicate with other nodes, which saves resources. When danger is perceived, the model acquires the global knowledge through node cooperation, and can perform more accurate real-time intrusion detection. In this paper, the performance of the model is analyzed including complexity and efficiency, and experimental results show that the model has good detection performance and reduces energy consumption.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.337-346
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• 2013

This study is a basic study on the development of functional substances involved in obesity prevention, lipid metabolism, and immune regulation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks. Allium monanthum extracts (AME) were administered orally to obesity-induced rats, and their lipid-lowering, antioxidative and various types of biological effects related to the immune system were examined. Blood free fatty acid and triglyceride concentrations decreased as the dose of AME increased. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations in the blood decreased as the dose of AME increased. The total cholesterol concentrations in the liver of the AME-treated groups were lower than the control group. The thiobarbituric acid reactive concentrations were lower in the plasma and liver of all AME-treated groups than the control group. Plasma AST and ALT activities did not show any significant differences among the treatment groups. IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 concentrations in the liver tended to decrease as the dose of AME increased. TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-10 concentrations did now show any significant differences compared to the control group. Lower expression levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, Apo-B and Apo-E genes were found in the AME-treated groups. Taken together, these results indicate that AME may show positive effects in lipid lowering, antioxidation and anti-inflammation.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.95-99
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• 2018

In insect defense system, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are one of important biological molecules to survive in a variety of environments. Insect can synthesize AMPs to protect against invading pathogens in humoral immune response. Taking more advantage of biological antimicrobial molecules, we report antibacterial activity of two cecropin type peptides, cecropin and moricin, isolated from the silkworm against four salmonella species. In this work, we purified antimicrobial candidate peptides (AMCP) from the extracts of immune challenged silkworm larval hemolymph by two-step chromatographic purification procedure, cation exchange and gel permeation chromatography. The molecular weights of purified peptides were estimated to be about 4 ~ 5 kDa by Tricin SDS-PAGE analysis, and identified as silkworm cecropin and moricin by NCBI BLAST homology search with their N-terminal amino acid sequences. As antibacterial activity assay, the purified peptides showed stronger antibacterial activity against Salmonella pathogens with an MIC value of $1{\sim}4{\mu}g/mL$. Therefore two cecropin type peptides purified from the silkworm will be valuable potential materials for development of new natural antibiotics.

• BMB Reports
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2001

One of the innate immune reactions in invertebrates is the pro-phenoloxidase (pro-PO) activation system that is involved in the generation of superoxide, melanin synthesis, and the subsequent sequestration of foreign matter entering the hemocoel of the invertebrates. However, the molecular mechanism of this biological reaction is still obscure. To expand our understanding of the biological roles of the pro-PO activation system in invertebrates, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screening by using three regions of pro-PO as bait and a yeast two-hybrid cDNA library from Tenebrio molitor larvae as prey We isolated a novel partial cDNA clone that encodes a glycine-rich protein that interacted with the active phenoloxidase (termed phenoloxidase interacting protein, POIP). POIP consists of two domains: One is an N-terminal unique domain and the other is a C-terminal glycine-rich domain. The C-terminal glycine-rich domain showed sequential homology with those of insect antifungal proteins. Also, the yeast two-hybrid screen in a reverse orientation (using POIP as bait) yielded PO, suggesting that the PO-POIP interaction is specific. By using a 315 bP PCR fragment of the N-terminal unique region of POIP, we cloned the full-length cDNA of POIP from the Tenebruo cDNA library constructed by using E. coli injected larvae. The interaction analysis between PO, and a truncated fragment lacking the N-terminal unique region of POIP, indicated that the N-terminal unique region is necessary for interaction between PO and POIP. The expression level of the POIP mRNA is increased by bacterial injection into T. molitor larvae. This suggests that POIP might be engaged in the humoral defense reaction.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.702-707
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• 2013

Sleep is an essential biological process of which the underlying regulatory mechanisms involve numerous anatomical structures and biochemical substances that can be compromised by stress and the immune system. Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system (CNS). It is well established that activation of $GABA_A$ receptors promotes sleep. L. brevis BJ20 fermentation of sea tangle and oysters resulted in stress reduction and sleep inducing effects. This is the first study to report that GABA has the ability to induce sleep related hormones in mice; therefore, it has potential use as a natural sleep aid. These results suggested that sea tangle and oysters fermented by L. brevis BJ20 can be used as potential agents for stress reduction and sleep promotion.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2012

Antimicrobial peptides are widely used in various organisms as a defense system against infection. The peptides are lethal towards bacteria and fungi, however have minimal toxicity in mammalian and plant cells. In this aspect, it is considered that antimicrobial peptides are new alternative materials for defensing against microbial infection. Here, we describe overall characteristics of antimicrobial peptides based on the mechanism of action, classification of the peptides, report detection/screening methods and chemical/biological production. It is expected that understanding of innate immune system based on antimicrobial peptides tends to develop novel natural antimicrobial agents, which might be applied for defensing pathogenic microorganisms resistant to conventional antibiotics.