• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.749-756
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• 2010

In many conditions, bacterial surface properties are changed as a result of variation in the growth medium and conditions. This study examined the influence of bile salt concentrations (0-0.1%) on colony morphotype, hydrophobicity, $H_2O_2$ concentration, S-layer protein production, and slpA gene expression in Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356. It was observed that two types of colonies (R and S) were in the control group and the stress condition. When the bile level increased in the medium, the amount of S type was more than the R type. A stepwise increment in the bile concentration resulted in a stepwise decline in the maximum growth rate. The results showed that hydrophobicity was increased in 0.01%-0.02% bile, but it was decreased in 0.1% bile. Treatment by bile (0.01%-0.1%) profoundly decreased $H_2O_2$ formation. S-Layer protein and slpA gene expression were also altered by the stress condition. S-Protein expression was increased in the stress condition. The slpA gene expression increased in 0.01%-0.05% bile and it decreased in 0.1% bile. However, we found that different bile salt concentrations influenced the morphology and some surface properties of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356. These changes were very different in the 0.1% bile. It appears that the bacteria respond abruptly to 0.1% bile.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.152-157
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• 2007

해조성분 강화 기능성소금 3종(Hizikia mineral salt, fucoidan salt, laver salt)을 제조하여 일반적 품질특성 및 무기성분 조성, 용해도, 관능특성 및 ACE 저해활성과 bile acid 결합력을 알아보았다. 수분함량은 Hizikia mineral salt의 경우 대조시료와 유의한 차이가 없었으나 fucoidan salt와 laver salt는 상대적으로 높은 수분함량을 나타내었다. 염도는 해조성분 강화 기능성소금 3종 모두 대조시료 보다는 약간 낮은 값을 나타내었고 pH는 Hizikia mineral salt의 경우 11.34로 다소 높은 값을, fucoidan salt와 laver salt은 6.88과 6.53으로 중성에 가까운 값을 나타내었으며, ORP는 -229 mV에서 38 mV로 월등히 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 기능성 소금의 L, a, b 값은 모두 정제염 보다는 약간 어두운색을 나타내었다. 무기물 함량은 Hizikia mineral salt에서 혈압 저하에 효과가 있는 무기성분인 $K^{+}$ 함량이 다량 함유되어 있었으며 용해도는 Hizikia mineral salt가 다소 떨어지는 경향을 나타내었으나 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 관능특성을 알아본 결과 $Na^{+}$ 이외의 미네랄 성분을 다량 함유하고 있는 Hizikia mineral salt를 제외한 나머지 fucoidan salt, laver salt에서는 색을 제외한 모든 항목에서 높은 점수를 받아 조미기능성 염으로서도 사용가치가 기대되었다. 또한, laver salt는 54.8% 수준의 ACE 저해 활성값을 나타내었으며, fucoidan salt는 54.1-80.7% 수준의 높은 bile acid 결합특성을 각각 나타냄으로서 콜레스테롤 대사 및 혈압조절 기능성을 갖고 있는 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2002년도 Molecular and Cellular Response to Toxic Substances
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• pp.107-114
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• 2002

Cholestatic liver injury results from the accumulation of toxic bile salts within the liver. The aim of the present study was to understand the mechanism of bile salts-induced hepatocellular apoptosis in bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats, using Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis.(omitted)

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.1747-1754
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to evaluate probiotic effects of two Lactobacillus plantarum strains (GBL16 and 17) isolated from black raspberry. Results revealed that the number of GBL16 was gradually decreased as bile salt concentration was increased from 0.3 to 1%. However, GBL17 did not show any difference when GBL17 was applied to 1% bile salt, and it indicates that GBL17 is more tolerant to bile salt than GBL16. GBL17 exhibited higher heat resistance and adhesion ability to Caco-2 cells than GBL16. Regarding gut microbiome, no significant change in the number of total bacteria in intestines of mice after treatment with GBLs was determined. However, the combination of GBL16 and GBL17 significantly increased the number of total bacteria in intestines of mice after they were orally administered. Therefore, the results suggest that both GBL16 and 17 strains could be one of major probiotics that can improve human gut health.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.1047-1052
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• 2006

A bile salt hydrolase (BSH) was purified from Lactobacillus plantarum CK 102 and its enzymatic properties were characterized. This enzyme was successfully purified using ion-exchange chromatography with Q-Excellose and hydrophobic interaction chromatography with Butyl-Excellose. The purified enzyme showed a single protein band of 37 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which was similar to the molecular weight of known BSHs. The amino acid sequence of GLGLPGDLSSMSR, determined by MALDI-TOF, was identical to that of BSH of L. plantarum WCFS1. Although this BSH hydrolyzed all of the six major human bile salts, glycine-conjugated bile acid was the best substrate, based on its specificity and $K_{m}$ value. Among the various substrates, the purified enzyme maximally hydrolyzed glycocholate with apparent $K_{m}$ and $V_{max}$ values of 0.5 mM and 94 nmol/min/mg, respectively. The optimal pH of the enzyme ranged from 5.8 to 6.3. This enzyme was strongly inhibited by thiol enzyme inhibitors such as iodoacetate and periodic acid.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.40-48
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• 2019

Bifidobacteria are a prototype probiotic, which normally inhabit the intestinal tract of humans. In the present study, four species of Bifidobacterium isolated from the feces of infants were characterized. The tolerance for acid or bile salt, autoaggregation, and antibiotic resistance of the bacteria were examined. The four species were resistant to low pH, bile salts, and up to 3% bile acid. Autoaggregation rates were as high as 90%. The bacteria were consistently resistant to gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid. Due to their tolerance to environmental factors like acid and bile salts, B. longum MG723, B. breve MG729, B. bifidum MG731, and B. animalis subsp. lactis MG741 are potentially valuable as probiotics and may be useful for industrial application.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.231-240
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• 2011

숙성된 갓김치에서 분리된 유산균을 pH 2.5에서 2시간 반응시킨 후 0.3% oxgall 존재 하에서 3시간 배양시킨 결과 MLK11, MLK22, MLK27, MLK41 및 MLK67 균주들은 $10^5$ CFU/ml 이상의 균수를 유지하여 높은 저항성을 보인 반면, MLK53 균주는 대부분의 균수가 사멸되어 매우 민감한 것으로 나타났다. 담즙산에 대한 내성이 강한 균주들 대부분은 복합 담즙산의 탈포합능이 있었으며, MLK22와 MLK67 균주는 sodium glycocholate로부터 3.5 mM 이상의 cholic acid을 유리시켜 가장 높은 탈포합능을 보인 반면, MLK13과 MLK41은 각각 1.35와 1.16 mM 정도 낮은 양의 cholic acid를 유리시켰다. 특히, MLK22와 MLK67의 탈포합능은 sodium taurocholate 혹은 포합담즙산 혼합물 보다는 sodium glycoholate 존재 하에서 더 높게 나타났다. 게다가 sodium glycocholate와 sodium taurocholate으로부터 MLK22와 MLK67이 생산하는 bile salt hydrolase (BSH)의 활성은 정지기 초기에 최대를 이르렀고 MLK67 보다는 MLK22의 BSH 활성이 다소 높았다. 한편, 실험 균주들의 콜레스테롤 제거능은 5.22-39.16 ${\mu}g$/ml로 균주별 유의적인 차이가 있었으며(p<0.05), 그 중에서 MLK67 균주는 0.3% oxgall, cholic acid 및 taurocholic acid로부터 가장 높은 콜레스테롤 동화능을 나타내었다. 따라서 실험 균주 중 높은 내산성과 내담즙성을 가지며, 담즙산 탈포합능 및 콜레스테롤 동화능이 유의하게 높은 MLK67 균주는 probiotic 균주로서의 가능성이 있는 것으로 간주되어 이를 생화학적 특성과 당분해능 및 염기서열 분석에 의해 동정한 결과 Pediococcus pentosaceus MLK67로 확인되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.282-295
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• 2005

The processing of dietary lipids can be distinguished in several sequential steps, including their emulsification, hydrolysis and micellization, before they are absorbed by the enterocytes. Emulsification of lipids starts in the stomach and is mediated by physical forces and favoured by the partial lipolysis of the dietary lipids due to the activity of gastric lipase. The process of lipid digestion continues in the duodenum where pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase (PTL) releases 50 to 70% of dietary fatty acids. Bile salts at low concentrations stimulate PTL activity, but higher concentrations inhibit PTL activity. Pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase activity is regulated by colipase, that interacts with bile salts and PTL and can release bile salt mediated PTL inhibition. Without colipase, PTL is unable to hydrolyse fatty acids from dietary triacylglycerols, resulting in fat malabsorption with severe consequences on bioavailability of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. Furthermore, carboxyl ester lipase, a pancreatic enzyme that is bile salt-stimulated and displays wide substrate reactivities, is involved in lipid digestion. The products of lipolysis are removed from the water-oil interface by incorporation into mixed micelles that are formed spontaneously by the interaction of bile salts. Monoacylglycerols and phospholipids enhance the ability of bile salts to form mixed micelles. Formation of mixed micelles is necessary to move the non-polar lipids across the unstirred water layer adjacent to the mucosal cells, thereby facilitating absorption.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.385-390
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• 1999

To investigate bile salt hydrolase activities of the bacterial strains isolated from fermented milk products, 21 strains of Lactobacillus were tested for their abilities to produced cholic acid from taurocholic and glycocholic acids. The production of cholic acid was measured by HPLC analysis during the growth in broth media for 24hrs. All strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. plantarum deconjugated both taurocholate and glycocholate, whereas none strains of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. casei subsp. casei, L. casei subsp. rhamnosus, L, reuteri did. L. acidophilus stains isolated from yogurts had the higher decojugation activities on glycocholate than taurocholate, however, L. acidophilus 1009 isolated from the human intestine showed the similar deconjugation activities on both taurocholate and glycocholate.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.13-25
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• 2004

담즙산은 cholesterol의 대사산물로 체내에서 cholesterol을 제거하는 주경로로서, 체내 cholesterol 대사를 조절하는 중요한 수단이다. 최근에 복합담즙산 분해활력이 높은 L. acidophilus에 의한 혈중 cholesterol 저하효과에 관한 많은 연구들이 보고되고 있으며, 이것은 복합담즙산의 분해로 생성되는 유리 담즙산의 분 배출 증가와 장내 cholesterol 흡수에 필요한 복합 micelle 형성의 방해에 의한 것으로 알려져 있다. 즉, 유리 담즙산은 장내에서 복합담즙산보다 용해성이 낮아서 흡수되지 않고 분으로 배출되기 쉬워, 간에서는 분으로 배출된 양만큼의 부족한 복합담즙산을 보충하기 위해 cholesterol을 이용하여 새로운 복합담즙산을 생성하기 때문에 결국은 체내의 혈중 cholesterol 수준을 감소시키는 것으로 생각된다. 또한 담즙으로 분비되는 복합담즙산은 소장내에서 cholesterol의 용해 흡수에 도움을 주지만 유리 담즙산은 cholesterol 용해성이 낮기 때문에, 장내 cholesterol 흡수에 영향을 미치는 것으로 생각된다.