• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.190-195
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• 2004

This study investigated effects of water content in leaf, leaf acidity, bark acidity and water soluble sulfur contents by vehicle. The results were as follows: The average water content in Pinus Koraiensis leaves at Cheongpyoung and Chuncheon were 49% and 51 % respectively. The average leaf acidity and bark acidity at Cheongpyoung and Chuncheon were respectively pH 4.8 and pH 4.9 in leaf, pH 5.3 and 5.4 bark. The average water soluble sulfur content in leaves showed a significant difference between Cheongpyoung and Chuncheon of 0.133% and 0.053% respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.219-223
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• 2002

This study investigated effects of bark acidity, leaf acidity and water soluble sulfur contents by SO$_2$, 1-2 seedling of Prunus yedoensis and Ligustrum obtusifolium were treated 5 level (0. 0.5, 1, 2, 4 ppm) of SO$_2$. The tallowing results were obtained; In the case of bark and leaf acidities, pH values decreased as SO$_2$ concentration was high. Prunus yedoensis compare with Ligustrum obtusifolium had high relative susceptibility because rates of increase in bark and leaf acidities were high according to SO$_2$ concentration. Water soluble sulfur contents in the leaves also increased as SO$_2$ concentration was high. Prunus yedoensis compare with Ligustrum obtusifolium had high relative susceptibility because increase rates of water soluble sulfur contents in the leaves were high according to SO$_2$ concentration.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.466-470
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• 2010

We investigated the effects of organic mulches on the tree and fruit qualities of "Niitaka" (Pyrus pyriforia) pear trees. Trees grown with rice straw mulch had significantly greater potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) concentrations in leaves compared with control trees and those mulched using bark or polyethylene, but the concentrations were below the recommended levels for these nutrients in pear leaves. Bark mulch increased fruit firmness and soluble solid (SS) levels, compared with rice straw mulch. The fruit of trees grown with bark mulch had a higher ratio of SS to total acidity in fresh fruit, and the fruit was dark red in color. The K and Ca concentrations were highest in fruit grown on trees mulched with rice straw and bark, respectively, and competition between the levels of these cations was evident in fresh fruit. Bark and rice straw mulches increased overall fruit quality, and reduced fruit stone size, whereas a polyethylene mulch, devoid of organic material, resulted in a fruit stone size similar to that of the control.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.19
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• pp.31-37
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• 2001

Uyeki(1928) classified Pinus densiflora into six ecotypes(Northeastem type, Middle-southern flat type, middle-southern upland type, Wibong type, Ankang type, and Geumgang type) based on the pine tree type. The bark color of Geumgang type was ash-brown color on the lower parts of stem and yellowed color on the upper parts of stem. We investigated the physicochemical properties of soil forests to obtain basic data for preservation of exellent pine (Pinus densiflora for. erecta Uyeki). The results were as follows; The soil texture of the Pinus densiflora for. erecta Uyeki forests were showed nearly as sandy loam, that is, sand, silt and clay were consisted of 72%, 15% and 13%, respectively. Soil acidity(pH 4.6) was lower than Korea average forest soil acidity(pH 5.2). The average contents of available phosphate was 11.7ppm at Sokwang-ri, 26.8ppm at Mt. Eungbong, 24.2ppm at Mt. Kumma. It was the lowest at Uljin(4.6ppm). The contents of carbon was 6.2% at Mt. Chungok, 6.1% at Mt. Eungbong. This value was more than average of Korea forest soil.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3 s.131
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• pp.45-52
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• 2005

This research was performed to evaluate adsorption behavior of woody charcoals obtained from wood powder, fiber and bark of spruce (Abies sibirica Ledeb). The wood materials were carbonized at various temperatures for 1 hour using experimental rotary kiln without any inert gas. The adsorption capacity of iodine and toluene, specific surface area and removal efficiency of acetic acid and ammonia gas of those charcoals were measured. The higher was the temperature for carbonization, the lower yields of charcoals were. Ash content of bark charcoal was higher than that of wood powder charcoal or fiber charcoal. Elemental analysis of woody charcoal revealed that the content of carbon was gradually lincreased as carbonization temperature was higher. When carbonization temperature was higher, adsorption capacity of woody charcoals for iodine was much improved. Wood powder charcoal and fiber charcoal were more effective for iodine adsorption rather than bark charcoal. Capacity of toluene adsorption was the highest in the charcoal of $600^{\circ}C$. Charcoals produced at high temperature efficiently removed acetic acid gas, while charcoals carbonized at low temperature such as $400^{\circ}C$ were proper to remove ammonia gas. This difference may be explained that the acidity of charcoals depends on the carbonization temperature: charcoals of low temperature indicate acidic property, while those of high temperature turned to alkaline.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 1996

Humic substances of 17 organic fertilizers available on the market were the objects of study. The list of ingredients for formulation of them comprised fish meal. bone meal, oil-cakes, brewer's grains, peat, sawdust, wood bark, zeolite, soil conditioner, live-stock droppings, amino acid fermentation byproduct, chaff, limestone and others. Humic and fulvic acids were isolated from those substances and given chemical and spectroscopic analyses. Nutritional values of the organic fertilizers showed big diversity. Humification of organic matter was incomplete for some of the fertilizers as indicated by a high C/N ratio. Extractable humic acid percentage was higher, in general, than that of fulvic acid. Also the relative content of humin increased with advanced humification. Total acidity was closely related to phenolic hydroxyl groups. Relationships between carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. and carboxyl and alcoholic hydroxyl groups were very significant. Ultraviolet and visible light absorption spectra of humic and fulvic acids were substantially similar. The types of humic acids were B. P, and Rp. Two humic acids of the 17 samples belonged to B type. 3 to P type and all the rest to Rp type.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.3 s.172
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• pp.237-245
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• 2005

The batch tests were performed to evaluate the applicability of the permeable reactive barrier (PRB) to in-situ treatment of groundwater with high concentration of heavy metals. The lead\chates used in this study were collected from waste rock dump of the Imgy mine, and have a low pH and high metal concentration. The acidity loading was 65kg as $CaCO_3/day$, metal loading of Fe+Al+Mn was 11.6kg/day. This type of water could be treated with biological-mediated sulfate reduction using the organic carbon mixture as a reactive media. The batch tests were carried out with five mixtures that were composed with different mixing ratios of mushroom compost, pine-tree bark, and limestone cheep. Results indicated that the PRB could reduce the acidity loading $CaCO_3/day$ to 12.3kg and reduce the metal loading to 3.3kg/day. Considering about the low pH and high metal loading, the contaminated water may be ameliorated by passing it through the buffering PRB composed with inorganic carbonate materials and then through the PRB composed with the organic carbon mixture which can induce sulfate reduction.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.258-266
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate the actual conditions, to find problems, and to present an improvement plan of interior landscape in the subway stationis. Moreoiver, it will presume the possibilties to develop the subway and ways to utilie underground space effectively. The results are summarized as follows A light intensity was recorded 0-100 Lux as the lowest light and 500 Lux below as the highest in 61 subway stations. An average temperature of 12 $^{\circ}C$and an air humidity of 38% were recorded over a 4 month period from January to April, but includes a drastic variaton between -8.5$^{\circ}C$ and 21.5$^{\circ}C$. Soil acidity of pH 7 below and soil moisture of 1-2 wet degree were apeared in subway stations mostly. Plant forms consisted of artificial flower & flower. Plant species were recorded at a total of 54 species and appeared in the order of Araucaria heteropylla, Ophiophogon jaburan, Aspidistra elatior cv. 'Asahi' and Hedera helix. Plant height was, for the most part, below 0.5m. Plant species that was fined of conditions were Palm, Camellia japonica, Araucaria heterophylla as a high plant, dracaena fragrans, dracaena deremensis cv. Wakneckii as a middle plant, and Ophiopogon jaburan, Hedra helix, ytomium falcatum, Aspidistra elatior cv. Asahi as a low plant. It used to water materials such as small pool, small cascade, water cycles and natural materials such as natural rock, small rock, sand, bark and animal materials such as squirrels, birds, goldfish as an object for plants in the subway stations. From these actual conditions, First of all, It must make up physical environments such as light, temperature humidity, soil for plant growth, and is important to chooce suitable indoor plants and draw up systematic management in the subway environments. Also, it change plants frequently and uses variable objects for subway stationi individuatism, Moreover, indoor plants with strong environmental adaptation abities such as shade tolerance, drought tolerance and cold tolerance need to develope variable species possibly. If these improvements occur, utilization and amenity of subway stationis will increase, according to the use of interior landscape.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.233-235
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• 1998

Energized-functional water (EFW) and powder (EFP) were manufactured by Kyungwon Institute of Life Science, Seoul, through a series of processes; tap water ultra-purification energy imprinting with catalysts in platinum columns mixing energy-imprinted water + activated zeolites + photosynthetic bacteria fermenting at $25^{\circ}C$ filtering EFW and/or EFP. A single application of EFP to soil under tree canopy before bud burst, combined with three EFW applications to soil during growth of 'Fuji' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) resulted in a higher Ca concentrations in fruit skins and flesh, and lower Ca and N concentrations in leaves and shoot-bark tissues. EFW also stimulated the net photosynthesis of leaves and root activity. Soluble solid concentrations (SSC) and anthocyanin levels of fruits were also significantly increased at harvest, producing greater firmness and less core browning during storage at $0^{\circ}C$. However, there was no significant difference in titratable acidity of fruit juice between the EFW treatment and the controls.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.109-123
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the establishment of future countermeasures by diagnosing the growth status and actual condition of undesignated old trees distributed in Hyeongok-myeon, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The number of old trees surveyed was 2 weeks in Gajeong-ri, 2 weeks in Haguri, 3 weeks in Nae-Tae-ri, 1 week in Nawon-ri, 6 weeks in Oryu-ri, 3 weeks in Sangguri, and 2 weeks in Sohyeon-ri, The trees species composition was 6 trees Celtis sinensis Pers., 1 Diospyros lotus L. trees, 4 trees Salix chaenomeloides Kimura trees, 2 Styphnolobium japonicum L. trees, and 7 Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino trees. Growth status is 7.1~22.0m in height, 14.6~25.1m in long axis, 10.2~19.2m in short axis, root diameter is 76.0~236.4cm, diamter at breast height is 67.0~220.0cm, soil acidity is pH4.9~7.0, soil The hardness was measured to be 4.0-27.0mm. The result grade of the scoring data of health information is represented by monitoring generally, monitoring critically, and absolute monitoring, and it was confirmed that out of the 20 trees population in Hyeongok-myeon, the general monitoring grade was 7 weeks, the major monitoring grade was 13 weeks, and there was no absolute monitoring grade. Accordingly, the number of old trees of the general surveillance level was maintained at the current level, and ecological surgical operations were introduced for the major surveillance level, but the case of village forests should be different, and sequential treatments were the old tree urgently needed. The level and bark of the target tree, the state of the crown, the root exposure, the presence of pests and pests, the vitality and the ground condition, the degree of pollution are normal, poor, or very poor, operation and protection management, soil improvement, removal of cover, and disinfection were urgently needed for the old trees with the surveyed data. In order to compensate for these matters, continuous monitoring and management measures for the old number should be sought.