• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.279-282
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• 2010

Objectives: This study investigates whether Korean news media pay more attention to emerging diseases than chronic ones, and whether they closely follow the changes in the magnitude of health risks of chronic or well-known diseases. These two features are expected to appear as the result of surveillance function served by health journalism that should be the main source of the public's risk perception. Methods: The number of stories published in 10 newspapers containing the words, 'SARS,' 'Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy,' 'Avian Influenza,' and 'Influenza A virus' was compared with the number of stories on chronic or wellknown diseases. We also counted the annual number of stories, published in a 12-year period, containing following terms: 'cancer,' 'diabetes,' 'hypertension,' 'pneumonia,' and 'tuberculosis.' The number was compared with the actual mortality of each disease. Results: Although cancer represented the primary cause of mortality, the newspapers covered key emerging diseases more than cancer or other well-known diseases. Also, media coverage of 'pneumonia' and 'tuberculosis' did not vary in accordance with changes in the mortality of each disease. However, the news media coverage did vary in accordance with the mortality of 'cancer,' 'diabetes,' and 'hypertension.' Conclusions: Korean health journalism was found to have both strong and weak points. The news media reduced the relative level of attention given to pneumonia and tuberculosis. Bearing in mind the major influence of news coverage on risk perception, health professionals need to be more proactive about helping to improve Korean health journalism.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.163-169
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• 2013

Both of avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) can cause mild to severe diease in poultry. In this study, clinical signs, macro, and micro lesions were studied. Eighteen six-week-old SPF chicks were divided into 4 groups (E1, E2, E3 and C1) and housed in different rooms of the isolation facility at CAVAC (Daejeon, Korea). The control group (C1) of 3 chicks was housed separately as uninoculated. Experimental groups (E1, E2 and E3) challenged with H9N2 and/or NDV. E1 group was challenged with 0.1 mL A/Kr/Ck/01310/01 (H9N2) $10^{5.6}$ $EID_{50}$ by intranasal, E2 group was challenged with 0.5 mL Kyojeongwon (KJW) $10^{5.0}{\sim}10^{6.0}$ $ELD_{50}$ by intramuscular, and E3 group was challenged with 0.1 mL A/Kr/Ck/01310/01 $10^{5.6}$ $EID_{50}$ by intranasal and 0.5 mL KJW $10^{5.0}{\sim}10^{6.0}$ $ELD_{50}$ by intramuscular 7 days after H9N2 challenge. In clinical signs and gross findings, E1 group showed 0% mortality, anorexia, and hemorrhage of proventriculus and thymus, E2 group showed 100% mortality within 3~5 days after challenge, anorexia, green diarrhea, hemorrhage of proventriculus, proximal esophagus and thymus, enlargement of kidney, and bronze liver, and E3 group showed 100% mortality within 24~36 hours after NDV challenge, depression, anorexia, green diarrhea, hemorrhage of proventriculus, spleen, and lung, enlargement of kidney, and reduction of thymus size and number. In histopathological examination, E1 group showed depletion and necrosis in bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen, and E2 and E3 group showed severe lymphocyte depletion and necrosis with destruction of lymphoid organ structures. In conclusion, co-infection of H9N2 with ND virus causes acute disease with high mortality than single infection and the pathologic lesions were more severe.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2012

In livestock industry, damage caused by the epidemic diseases such as Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), Highly-Pathogenic-Avian-Influenza (HPAI) and Porcine-Reproductive-and-Respiratory-Syndrome (PRRS) was very serious. The financial loss incurred from FMD alone which occurred on Nov. 2011 in Korea was estimated at 3 billion won, 23 % of annual livestock industry production. The livestock industry in Korea has greater risk of disease infection because of high density production, etc. Investigating the spread of livestock diseases should consider both direct and indirect contact as well as other various factors including airborne. Airborne infection of livestock disease was first hypothesised in the early 1900s, however, field experimental studies are still limited. Furthermore, no protocol is available in detecting airborne viruses in the field. In this study, effective virus samplers were investigated by comparative analysis of the type of samplers used detect to airborne virus. Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare virus samplers such as Bio-sampler, Dust-sampler, Compact-Cascade-Impactor (CCI) and Microflow in detecting PRRSV. Samples were analyzed by Reverse-Transcription PCR to assess the efficiency of the instrument in detecting the airborne virus. First, samples were classified into five levels according to light intensity of gel images and then the classified results were normalized. In every case, Bio-sampler and Dust-sampler were comparable with each other and have shown to be more effective than CCI and Microflow samplers.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.309-314
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• 2012

연구는 방글라데시에서 조류인플루엔자와 뉴캐슬 질병 바이러스가 국내의 현장 샘플에서 혼합항원키트의 민감도와 특이성을 평가하기 위하여 육계 및 산란계와 토종 닭 그리고 사육 야생오리, 거위, 비둘기와 메추라기로부터 야외 샘플을 수집하였다. 샘플은 방글라데시의 5 지역에서 발생한 조류인플루엔자 자연감염된 것으로 의심되는 닭과 야생사육조수로부터 수집되었다. 각 지역으로부터 2마리씩 선택적으로 샘플을 수집하였으며, 각 조류에서는 면봉을 이용하여 기도, 총배설강, 구-비강으로부터 3가지 유형의 샘플을 채취하였다. 70 마리의 조류에서 총210개의 야외 샘플이 수집되었으며, 조류인플레인자와 뉴캣슬병 바이러스 혼합항원신속진단키트를 검사하였다. 210개 샘플 중에서 15개(5 마리)가 조류인플루엔자 바이러스, 63개(21 마리)가 뉴캣슬병 바이러스, 27개(9 마리)에서 두 가지의 혼합감염이 나 타났으며, 그 외에서는 모두 음성으로 나타났다. 5 곳의 조류인플루엔자 양성 중에서 Mymensingh, Netrokona, Gibandha와 Kurigram의 마켓으로부터 산란계에서, Kurigram의 마켓에서 토종닭에서 양성이 나타났다. 야생사육조수는 뉴캣슬병에 양성이거나 또는 조류인플루엔자와 뉴캣슬병 바이러스에는 감염되지 않았다. 조류인플루엔자 및 뉴캣슬병 바이러스 신속진단키트로 기도, 총배설강, 구-비강으로부터 채집한 샘플에서 동시에 검출할 수 있는 것으로서 효과적으로 사용될 것으로 평가되었다. 조류인플레인자와 뉴캣슬병 바이러스 혼합 항원 검사 결과는 명확히 두 개의 바이러스 검출을 위한 테스트 키트로서 적은 노력과 대규모의 필드 샘플로부터 이들 바이러스의 검출에 효과적으로 사용될 수 있는 최신의 과학적 방법이며, 신속하게 질병을 진단할 수 있었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.286-290
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• 2009

조류인플루엔자 바이러스 mRNA의 전사는 감염 동안에 시간적으로 조절되어진다. 감염 후 세포 내에서 증식된 바이러스가 방출되어 세포를 다시 감염하게 되면 전사 수준 분석에 오차가 발생할 수 있으므로 바이러스가 방출 되기 이전에 전사 수준의 측정이 이루어져야 한다. 본 연구에서는 조류인플루엔자 H9N2를 감염시킨 닭의 섬유아세포주 UMNSAH/DF-1에서 바이러스 감염 후 증식된 바이러스의 방출까지의 시간을 측정하기 위하여 배양액 중에 방출되는 바이러스 RNA 게놈 수준을 semi-quantitative RT-PCR에 의해 측정하였다. 배양액 중의 바이러스 RNA 게놈의 분리 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 RNA 회수율의 오차를 보정하기 위해 mouse의 전체 RNA를 배양액 시료에 넣어서 바이러스 RNA 분리에 carrier로 사용하고 그 속에 포함된 mouse의 GAPDH를 RNA를 역전사 반응 및 PCR의 내부 대조 RNA로 사용하였다. 그 결과 감염 후 방출까지 16~20시간이 소요됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 감염 후 12시간 후에 세포 내에서 합성된 8종의 전사체의 수준을 측정하였다. 8종의 mRNA 중 PA를 제외한 7종의 mRNA (HA, NA, PB1, PB2, NP, M, NS를 암호화하는 mRNA)는 뚜렷한 증폭 band를 보였으며, 이것은 이들이 전사활성 측정에 사용될 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이상과 같은 전사수준의 측정 방법은 조류인플루엔자 바이러스의 RNA polymerase를 표적으로 한 항바이러스제의 검색에 사용할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.964-974
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• 2022

Objective: The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a threat to the poultry industry and economy and remains a potential source of pandemic infection in humans. Antiviral genes are considered a potential factor for studies on HPAIV resistance. Therefore, in this study, we investigated gene expression related to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway by comparing non-infected, HPAI-infected resistant, and susceptible Ri chicken lines. Methods: Resistant (Mx/A; BF2/B21) and susceptible Ri chickens (Mx/G; BF2/B13) were selected by genotyping the Mx and BF2 genes. Then, the tracheal tissues of non-infected and HPAIV H5N1 infected chickens were collected for RNA sequencing. Results: A gene set overlapping test between the analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functionally categorized genes was performed, including biological processes of the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways. A total of 1,794 DEGs were observed between control and H5N1-infected resistant Ri chickens, 432 DEGs between control and infected susceptible Ri chickens, and 1,202 DEGs between infected susceptible and infected resistant Ri chickens. The expression levels of MAPK signaling pathway-related genes (including MyD88, NF-κB, AP-1, c-fos, Jun, JunD, MAX, c-Myc), cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8), type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β), and IFN-stimulated genes (Mx1, CCL19, OASL, and PRK) were higher in H5N1-infected than in non-infected resistant Ri chickens. MyD88, Jun, JunD, MAX, cytokines, chemokines, IFNs, and IFN-stimulated expressed genes were higher in resistant-infected than in susceptible-infected Ri chickens. Conclusion: Resistant Ri chickens showed higher antiviral activity compared to susceptible Ri chickens, and H5N1-infected resistant Ri chickens had immune responses and antiviral activity (cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and IFN-stimulated genes), which may have been induced through the MAPK signaling pathway in response to H5N1 infection.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.570-583
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• 2023

Objective: Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play critical roles in embryo development, and immune responses to infectious diseases. In this study, to investigate the roles of FGFs, we performed genome-wide identification, expression, and functional analyses of FGF family members in chickens. Methods: Chicken FGFs genes were identified and analyzed by using bioinformatics approach. Expression profiles and Hierarchical cluster analysis of the FGFs genes in different chicken tissues were obtained from the genome-wide RNA-seq. Results: A total of 20 FGF genes were identified in the chicken genome, which were classified into seven distinct groups (A-F) in the phylogenetic tree. Gene structure analysis revealed that members of the same clade had the same or similar exon-intron structure. Chromosome mapping suggested that FGF genes were widely dispersed across the chicken genome and were located on chromosomes 1, 4-6, 9-10, 13, 15, 28, and Z. In addition, the interactions among FGF proteins and between FGFs and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) proteins are limited, indicating that the remaining functions of FGF proteins should be further investigated in chickens. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analysis showed that FGF gene interacts with MAPK genes and are involved in stimulating signaling pathway and regulating immune responses. Furthermore, this study identified 15 differentially expressed genes (DEG) in 21 different growth stages during early chicken embryo development. RNA-sequencing data identified the DEG of FGFs on 1- and 3-days post infection in two indigenous Ri chicken lines infected with the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 (HPAIV). Finally, all the genes examined through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and RNA-Seq analyses showed similar responses to HPAIV infection in indigenous Ri chicken lines (R² = 0.92-0.95, p<0.01). Conclusion: This study provides significant insights into the potential functions of FGFs in chickens, including the regulation of MAPK signaling pathways and the immune response of chickens to HPAIV infections.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.193-202
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• 2023

인플루엔자 A 바이러스(IAVs)는 많은 조류 종의 호흡 기관에 감염되며 사람을 비롯한 다른 동물로 전파될 수 있는 포장된 음극성 역전사 RNA 바이러스이다. 이 연구에서는 이전 연구의 마이크로어레이 데이터를 다시 분석하여 닭에서 공통 및 특이하게 발현되는 유전자(DEG) 및 그들의 생물학적 활동을 식별하였다. 고병원성(HPAIV) 및 저병원성(LPAIV) 인플루엔자 A 바이러스 감염된 닭 세포에서 각각 760개와 405개의 DEG가 발굴되다. HPAIV 및 LPAIV는 각각 670개와 315개의 DEG를 가지고 있으며, 이 중 90개의DEG가 두 바이러스에서 공유된다. HPAIV 감염으로 인해DEG의 기능 주석에 따르면 세포 주기의 기본적인 생물학적 기능과 연관된 다양한 유전자가 발굴되었다. 대상 유전자중에서 CDC Like Kinase 3(CLK3), Nucleic Acid Binding Protein 1(NABP1), Interferon-Inducible Protein 6(IFI6), PIN2 (TERF1) Interacting Telomerase Inhibitor 1(PINX1), 그리고Cellular Communication Network Factor 4(WISP1)의 발현은 polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid(PIC)로 처리된 DF-1 세포에서 변화되었다. 이것은 toll-like receptor 3(TLR3) 리간드인 TLR3 신호에 의해 이러한 유전자의 전사가 조절될 수 있음을 시사하며, 닭에서 AIV의 병리 생리학에 대한 더 나은 이해를 얻기 위해서는 AIV 감염 과정 중에 호스트 반응을 조절할 수 있는 메커니즘을 구명하는 데 더 많은 연구에 초점을 맞추는 것이 필요하다고 사료된다. 이러한 메커니즘에 대한 이해는 신규 치료 전략 개발에 활용될 수 있다.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.20.1-20.15
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• 2024

Background: Avian influenza (AI) is a contagious disease that causes illness and death in poultry and humans. High pathogenicity AI (HPAI) H5N6 outbreaks commonly occur in Quang Ninh province bordering China. In June 2021, the first HPAI H5N8 outbreak occurred at a Quang Ninh chicken farm. Objectives: This study examined the risk factors associated with HPAI H5N6 and H5N8 outbreaks in Quang Ninh. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted in Quang Ninh from Nov 2021 to Jan 2022. The cases were households with susceptible poultry with two or more clinical signs and tested positive by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The controls were households in the same village as the cases but did not show clinical symptoms of the disease. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess the risk factors associated with HPAI outbreaks at the household level. Results: There were 38 cases with H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4h viruses (n = 35) and H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses (n = 3). Compared to the 112 controls, raising poultry in uncovered or partially covered ponds (odds ratio [OR], 7.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44-39.27), poultry traders visiting the farm (OR, 8.66; 95% CI, 2.7-27.69), farms with 50-2,000 birds (OR, 3.00; 95% CI, 1.06-8-51), and farms with ≥ 2,000 birds (OR, 11.35; 95% CI, 3.07-41.94) were significantly associated with HPAI outbreaks. Conclusions: Combining biosecurity measures, such as restricting visitor entry and vaccination in farms with more than 50 birds, can enhance the control and prevention of HPAI in Quang Ninh and its spread across borders.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.245-250
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• 2019

Newcastle disease (ND) is an infectious poultry disease that caused high mortality and reduced egg production. NDVs are regularly present in the domestic duck population. And ducks play a possible role in the maintenance and transmission of NDVs. While we were monitoring the Avian Influenza, NDVs were isolated from field samples by accident. So we analysed the biological and genetic characteristics of these viruses. Lentogenic NDVs were isolated from two farms among twenty breeder duck farms. The ages of ducks were 39 weeks old in the 'A' farm and 3~72 weeks old in the 'B' farm. And they were not inoculated with the NDVs vaccine. In the biological characteristics, the both viruses which separated from the farm 'A' and 'B' were thermostable. The amino acid sequence of a site from 112 to 119 in the fusion (F) protein was 'GKQGRLIG' which has monobasic motif in the samples of both farms. And this means the separated NDVs are lentogenic. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by entire nucleotide sequence of F protein. The virus strains from the A farm (MN095239) and the B farm (MN095240) belonged to class II genotype I. Using the analysis of whole F protein nucleic acid sequence, the MN095239 (GenBank) had homology with Ulster strain about 99.95% and the MN095239 (GenBank) had homology with KR/CK/KU_LBM255/09 strain about 99.89%. NDV surveillance is needed to investigate epidemiological relationship of domestic breeder duck isolates in Korea.