Journal of Veterinary Science

The Korean Society of Veterinary Science (대한수의학회)
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Field and laboratory investigation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 and H5N8 in Quang Ninh province, Vietnam, 2020 to 2021

  • Received : 2023.07.17
  • Accepted : 2024.01.01
  • Published : 2024.03.31
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Abstract

Background: Avian influenza (AI) is a contagious disease that causes illness and death in poultry and humans. High pathogenicity AI (HPAI) H5N6 outbreaks commonly occur in Quang Ninh province bordering China. In June 2021, the first HPAI H5N8 outbreak occurred at a Quang Ninh chicken farm. Objectives: This study examined the risk factors associated with HPAI H5N6 and H5N8 outbreaks in Quang Ninh. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted in Quang Ninh from Nov 2021 to Jan 2022. The cases were households with susceptible poultry with two or more clinical signs and tested positive by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The controls were households in the same village as the cases but did not show clinical symptoms of the disease. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess the risk factors associated with HPAI outbreaks at the household level. Results: There were 38 cases with H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4h viruses (n = 35) and H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses (n = 3). Compared to the 112 controls, raising poultry in uncovered or partially covered ponds (odds ratio [OR], 7.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44-39.27), poultry traders visiting the farm (OR, 8.66; 95% CI, 2.7-27.69), farms with 50-2,000 birds (OR, 3.00; 95% CI, 1.06-8-51), and farms with ≥ 2,000 birds (OR, 11.35; 95% CI, 3.07-41.94) were significantly associated with HPAI outbreaks. Conclusions: Combining biosecurity measures, such as restricting visitor entry and vaccination in farms with more than 50 birds, can enhance the control and prevention of HPAI in Quang Ninh and its spread across borders.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors thank all their Regional Animal Health Office Number 2 colleagues, Department of Animal Health, Quang Ninh Sub-Department Animal Health, Vietnam. The authors appreciate the dedicated staff and lecturers of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Kasetsart University. Special thanks are due to the veterinarians associated with the Field Epidemiology Training Program for Veterinarians (FETPV), Thailand, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO-RAP), FAO in Vietnam, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Their collaborative efforts and support have significantly contributed to the success of these endeavors.

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