• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.301-306
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• 2023

Attention is a fundamental aspect in the cognitive process of human. Cognitive system of human body requires to focus on selected information among a vast amount of information from sensory organs. It has widely studied that various environmental factors affected the level of attention; however, few researches have aimed to the effect of direct cryotherapy. In this research, level of attention was studied comparing sub-indexes of FAIR test between groups with different duration of direct cryotheapy to the back of neck. FAIR test is a evaluation tool for visual attention consisting of three sub-indexes. Selective attention, accuracy of attention, and persistence of attention can be independently analyzed by FAIR test. In the analysis of selective attention, cryotherapy for 5 to 20 minutes showed higher result than cryotherapy for 40 minutes. In the analysis of persistence of attention, cryotherapy for 5 to 15 minutes showed higher result than cryotherapy for 40 minutes. Overall, selective attention and persistence of attention turns out to be maximized between 5 to 20 minutes of cryotherapy and tends to decrease afterwards. However, accuracy of attention does not seem to be affected by the duration of cryotherapy. Correlation between selective attention and the skin temperature by cryotherapy tends to be negative supporting the findings by ANOVA and post-hoc test. Correlation between persistence of attention and the skin temperature showed similar results.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1060-1071
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of clothing cues(sleeve and skirt width, length) on female impressions. The experimental materials developed for this study are a set of stimuli and response scales. The stimuli are 16 pictures manipulated with sleeve and skirt width · length variations by computer drawing. The experimental design consists of 3 factorial design: (1) sleeve shapes(plain, upper expanded, below expanded, all expanded) (2) skirt width (wide, narrow) (3) skirt length(long, short) The 7-point semantic differential response scale designed for visual evaluation of female' s impression formation on sleeve shape and skirt width · length is 27 bipolar adjectives. The results of this study are as follows: 1. When we analize the impressions of female figure by sleeve shape and width · length of skirt, it becomes clear that maturity, modernity, attention, elegance and tenderness are proved to be important. Among these five factors, maturity, modernity and attention are identified as more important ones. 2. Sleeve shape have an effect on all factors except maturity and the effects of sleeve on the four factors are not striking. ' Width of skirt are most influential to the maturity and attention, but it does not have any effect on modernity. However two factor, that is width of skirt and sleeve have an effects on modernity, attention and tenderness. ' The length of skirt has an effects on the tenderness, elegance and modernity, but it dose not have any effect on attention. But width and length of skirt have an effects on attention, tenderness and modernity The length of skirt and sleeve have an effect on tenderness.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.29-47
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• 2022

Purpose: This study was conducted to find out the mediated effects of smartphone overindulgence in the relationship between attention and spinal health of adolescents and to find out how cognitive strength moderates these relationships. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: All subjects measured attention, cognition strength, spinal angle, and smartphone overindulgence by measuring the ratio of SMR and mid-beta power to the power of the brain wave, amplitude variation of Cognitive Gamma-Peak, forward slope angle of the cervical spine, and the scale of diagnosis of smartphone addiction. Results: As a result, it shows a significant correlation between Attention, spinal angle, cognitive strength, and smartphone overindulgence(p<.05). In addition, attention was significantly mediated on the spinal angle through smartphone overindulgence(p<.001), and cognitive strength was significantly mediated in relation to smartphone overindulgence and spinal angle(p<.05). Conclusion: This result indicates that the mediation effect of overindulgence of a Smartphone is mediated according to its cognitive strength in relation to its effect of attention on the spine angle.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.51-59
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• 2016

The technique for Eye-tracking is to trace the movements of pupils so that the eye's exploration response to be digitized. The procedure of Observation Experiment shows a mutual environmental characteristics between men and measuring devices. In order to improve the reliability and to secure the objectivity of the data acquired from eye-tracking, it is very important to analyze the procedures for the experiment to be prepared and the test data to be saved. Based on this viewpoint, the convergent exploration activities at the observation experiment with the objects of sport images were examined to find out what influences the context effect given by experimental environments have on this experiment. In addition, the starting time of attention affecting the reliability of observation data has been estimated. When the observation time is to be subdivided by the unit of second. The attention disperses for the individual characteristics to be appreciated. However, in case of analysis by the overall average, there was the problem that the section of attention dispersed to make it difficult to analyze the subjects' observation features. The study results made it possible to understand the physiological characteristics which were near unconsciousness, when there was an intensive attention for the first 3 seconds and the observation data were shown to be in ordinary range after 4 seconds. The analysis of observation with the focus of the intensive attention enabled the analysis with the first 3 seconds excepted so that it might approach the ordinary range of observation data. The distribution of attention for the first 3 seconds showed the intensive attention, which was on the center. The emergence of intensive attention and the overlapping of the centers can be considered as a context effect due to the correction for the preparing process of experiment. Accordingly, it is thought to be helpful to the security of objectivity and the construction of reliability of eye-tracking data to analyze the observation features shown after the deletion of the data for the first 3 seconds.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.21-36
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• 2022

Objective: The present study examined long-term effects of media use during early childhood on grit in middle childhood, focusing on the mediating role of attention problems. Methods: For statistical analysis, the 6th, 7th, and 11th data sets from the Panel Study on Korean Children were used. A total of 1,352 cases were finally selected. Descriptive statistics analysis, correlation analysis, path analysis, and bootstrapping were conducted. Results: The results showed that the use of media for educational purposes in early childhood did not have a significant effect on attention problems and grit. However, when the media use time for play in early childhood was longer, levels of attention problems in early childhood were higher and levels of grit in middle childhood were lower. The mediating effect of attention problems on the relationship between media use time for play of young children and grit of middle childhood was significant. Conclusion/Implications: Findings of the present study suggest that the use of media for play during early childhood needs to be carefully monitored because it can have a negative effect on attention and grit development.

• Korean Journal of School Psychology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.207-230
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• 2019

This study examined the effect of Attention Feedback Awareness and Control Training(A-FACT) on attention bias and generalized anxiety symptoms in college students. A total of 31 college students with at least 10 points on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale or at least 56 points on the Korean version of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (K-PSWQ) with attention bias were randomly assigned to one of three groups: A-FACT( n = 11), Attention Bias Modification (ABM)(n = 10) and Active Placebo Control (APC)(n = 10). Participants in A-FACT group received real-time feedback on attention bias based on their Baseline Neutral Response time(BNR) during A-FACT using a dot probe task. Participants in the ABM group received standard ABM, and those in the APC performed a dot probe task that they were informed was a program to reduce attention bias, but feedback was not provided. A total of eight sessions was conducted twice a week over a 4-week period. After every two sessions, GAD-7, K-PSWQ and K-STAI were rated. The effect of attention bias modification training was rated by changes in the Attention Bias Score(ABS), and in GAD-7, K-PSWQ and K-STAI scores. The results of repeated measure ANOVA indicated that the A-FACT group showed a significant decrease in ABS as well as in GAD-7, K-PSWQ and K-STAI scores compared to the other groups. Current results suggest that self-regulatory control of attention, that is, recognition of bias through feedback in A-FACT, may be effective in alleviating attention bias and generalized anxiety symptoms by recognizing bias through feedback on bias in attention bias modification training.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.77-84
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to introduce the effect of attentional focus on performance of task. Previous studies has shown that motor learning can be enhanced by directing performers's attention to the effects of their movements(external focus), rather than to the body movement producing the effects(internal focus). Wulf and colleagues have invoked the 'constrained action hypothesis' to explain the comparative benefits of adopting an external rather than an internal focus of attention. This hypothesis proposed that when performers utilize an internal focus of attention, they may actually constrain or interfere with automatic control processes that would normally regulate the movement, whereas an external focus of attention allows the motor system to more naturally self-organize. Electromyography(EMG) was used to determine neuromuscular correlates of external versus internal focus differences. EMG activity was lower with an external relative to an internal focus. This suggest that an external focus of attention enhances movement economy, and presumably reduces 'noise' in the motor system that hampers fine movement control. Focusing on a more remote effect seems to facilitate the discriminability of the effect from the body movements that produced it and to be more beneficial than focusing on a very close effects. There might be an optimal distance of the effect, at which ti wis easily distinguishable from the body movement but at which it is also still possible for the performer to relate this effect to the movement techniques. Future Studies of motor learning of patient need to accommodate these new finding and account for the role of the learner's attentional focus and its influencing on learning.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.365-391
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• 2013

Negative repetition effect (NRE) refers to the phenomenon that the accuracy of report is impaired when a target was flanked by the same distractor than when by alternative distractor. To probe the nature of NRE, this study introduced attention window(s) indicating the positions where a target might be presented, and non-attention window(s) where a target could not be presented. Attention windows are supposed to help participants detect targets readily. Two among three positions are indicated by attention windows in Exp. 1, and a single large attention window encompassing central two positions among four positions was used in Exp. 2, and either large or small attention window was used depending on the number of target candidates in Exp. 3. In the result of three experiments, NREs were consistently observed when both positions of a target and a distractor were indicated by previous attention windows. However, NREs (including its tendency) and its opposite, PREs were observed when a distractor was presented in the non-attention position, depending on its distance from the target and the size of attention window. It seems that this pattern of repetition effects is hard to be explained by repetition blindness hypothesis (Kanwisher, 1991), positional uncertainty hypothesis (Keren & Boer, 1985), and inhibitory attention capture hypothesis (Kwak et al., 1993). Instead it was proposed that shifting of spatial attention should be considered accordingly with the structure of stimulus display. The promising role of this task was discussed in studying the relation of attention and perception.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2023

In this study, we examined the effects of spatial attention in Hangul word recognition depending on visual factors. The visual complexity of words (Experiment 1) and contrast (Experiment 2) were manipulated to examine whether the effect of spatial attention differs depending on visual quality. Participants responded to words with and without codas in experiment 1 and words in high-contrast and low-contrast conditions in experiment 2. The effects of spatial attention were investigated by calculating the difference in performance between the condition where spatial cues were given at the target location (valid trial) and the condition where the spatial cues were not given at the target location (invalid trial) as the cuing effects. As a result, the cuing effects were similar depending on the complexity of the words. It indicates that the effects of spatial attention were not different across the visual complexity conditions. The cuing effects were greater in the low-contrast condition than in the high-contrast condition. The greater effect of spatial attention when the contrast is low was explained as a mechanism of signal enhancement.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.409-416
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• 2018

Significant research has been conducted in the financial sector on the behavior of investors in the stock market. In this paper, we directly measure the degree of interest using the ranking of the frequency mentioned in the stock message board operated by Daum Communications Corp. and test the fact that the higher ranking of the frequency results in the higher stock returns in order to investigate the attention effect on the stock returns in the Korean stock market. We also propose and apply the likelihood ratio test procedure for order restricted hypotheses in order to test the attention effect. The test results shows that the higher rank in the frequency mentioned in the message board is related to stock returns (p-value < $10^{-6}$). Therefore, we conclude that an investors' attention effects exist in the Korean stock market.