• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.21-29
• /
• 2007

In Korea, we assign the chemical substances of 535 types as toxic substance. Only 10% of the 535 toxic substances are being managed by the Ministry of Environment related with water quality standard. Tar color is also one of chemical substances, but we have the lacks for the information of tar colors about the environmental effects of aquatic ecosystem. This study performed the test of bioassay using Water Fleas and Luminescent Bacteria. The tar has 7 types of colors allowed as the edible color and we evaluate the toxicities of 5 tar colors out of 7 colors and we would like to provide the informations for further study as we perform the toxicity test for the samples of 5 tar colors. We did the toxicity test of using Water Fleas From the results, we obtained the magnitudes of toxicity in order of Red No.2, Yellow No.5, Red No.3, Yellow No.4, Blue No.1. As the result based on Microtox Acute Toxicity Test using Luminescent Bacteria with the standard of 15min-EC50, we obtained in order of Yellow No.5, Food Red No.3, Red No.2, Yellow No.4, Blue No.1. We could expect the tar colors may have different effects on the aquatic ecosystem, respectively and it may influence to the aquatic ecosystem and the human, because of bioconcentration by food chain when toxicity of the tar colors overflow in the aquatic ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.356-362
• /
• 2014

Phlorotannins, the major constituent in brown algae, possess various biological activities; however, there is little information their toxicological effects. To assess the safety of phlorotannins, we investigated the acute oral toxicity of a high-purity phlorotannin preparation (PRT; total phlorotannin content 90%) in beagle dogs. Six beagle dogs (3 males, 3 females) were assigned randomly to three experimental groups. PRT was administered at oral doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg by capsule. Vomiting by male and female beagles was observed with 500 and 750 mg/kg on the first day. In addition, one beagle given 750 mg/kg had soft stool and diarrhea on days 3 and 13. No deaths or abnormal clinical signs were observed during the experiment. All groups showed similar body weight gain and food consumption. Our acute toxicity study showed that PRT did not cause any toxicological effects in beagle dogs.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.35-44
• /
• 2015

We previously identified Streptomyces griseus as an anti-cancer agent (Kim et al., 2014). In this study, we isolated compounds from S. griseus and evaluated their anticancer effect and toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Preparative centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) was used to obtain three compounds, cyclo($_{\small{L}}$-[4-hydroxyprolinyl]-$_{\small{L}}$-leucine], cyclo($_{\small{L}}$-Phe-trans-4-hydroxy-$_{\small{L}}$-Pro) and phenethyl acetate (PA). We chose PA, which had the highest anticancer activity, as a target compound for further experiments. PA induced the formation of apoptotic bodies, DNA fragmentation, DNA accumulation in $G_0/G_1$ phase, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Furthermore, PA treatment increased Bax/Bcl-xL expression, activated caspase-3, and cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) in HL-60 cells. Simultaneous evaluation in vitro and in vivo, revealed that PA exhibited no toxicity in Vero cells and zebrafish embryos. We revealed, for the first time, that PA generates ROS, and that this ROS accumulation induced the Bcl signaling pathway.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.35 no.9
• /
• pp.741-747
• /
• 2011

Ecological toxicity testing of the whole-effluent from the ozone ballast water treatment system was conducted as specified in the quality assurance project plans (QAPP). The growth inhibition test with microalgae, acute aquatic toxicity test with the Rotifer reproduction, toxicity test (or population growth) with the Rotifer, survival and growth toxicity test with larval fish and sediment toxicity test with amphipod were carried out to evaluate ecological toxicity on the movile test barge.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.209-214
• /
• 2004

A method for rapid acute toxicity test based on temperature control of Ceriodaphnia dubia has been developed and evaluated. A new toxicity test based on temperature control (TTBTC) which are based on temperature control, was developed and compared for the adsorption of the better methodology for short-term toxicity screening. Initially, daphnid larval are exposed to toxicants and at the same time the temperature of the water bath containing media is increased to high temperature $(35.5^{\circ}C).$ After 1.25 hrs of contact time, the number of the daphnids, either living (no toxic effect) or dead (toxic effect), is counted by the naked eyes. Effect of exposure time on test sensitivity was not significantly different between 1 to 1.5 hr. Comparison of the rapid 1.25 hr acute toxicity test developed in this study and the standard 48 hr acute toxicity test using heavy metals, cyanide and pentachlorophenol indicated that the 1.25 hour test provides an acceptable level of sensitivity in toxicity test for C. dubia.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.269-275
• /
• 2007

The toxicity of two species of puffer fish, Takifugu pardalis and T. niphobles, collected from the coastal regions of Korea was determined using a mouse bioassay. In T. pardalis collected at Tongyeong, the proportion of toxic specimens containing ${\geq}10MU/g$ exceeded 90% for the skin, fins, liver, intestine, ovary, and gallbladder, 11.1% for the testis, and 6.9% for the muscle. In each of the organs, the highest toxin levels were several tens (14-39) of mouse units (MU) per gram in the muscle, testis, and eyeball, but thousands (1,444-5,755) of MU per gram in the skin, liver, intestine, ovary, and gallbladder. The organs of T. pardalis exhibited remarkable variation in toxicity. In T. niphobles, the proportion of toxic specimens exceeded 90% for the ovary and skin, 60-80% for the fins, liver, intestine, and gallbladder, and 4.5% for the muscle; no toxicity was detected in the testis or eyeball using the mouse bioassay. The highest toxin levels were thousands (2,291-7,777) of MU per gram in the liver, intestine, ovary, and gallbladder, hundreds(146-328) of MU per gram in the skin and fins, and 18 MU/g in the muscle. Takifugu niphobles toxicity also exhibited remarkable regional variation. The toxicity in the edible muscle of T. pardalis and T. niphobles was at acceptable levels for human consumption, while the toxicity of the skin of both species of puffer fish was very high, so that care must be taken when used for human consumption.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.415-422
• /
• 2023

In veterinary medicine for mammals, studies are being conducted to confirm the effects of antioxidants using pathological toxicity model studies, and are also used to confirm the effect of mitigating liver or kidney toxicity of specific substances. It was considered necessary to study such a toxicity model for domestic farmed fish, so thioacetamide (TAA), a toxic substance that causes tissue damage by mitochondrial dysfunction, was injected into rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a major farmed freshwater fish species in Korea. The experiment was conducted with 40 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) weighting 53 ± 0.6 g divided into two groups. Thioacetamide(TAA) 300mg/kg of body weight was intraperitoneally injected into rainbow trout and samples were taken 1, 3, 5, 7 days after peritoneal injection. As a result, in serum biochemical analysis, AST levels related to liver function decreased 3 and 5 days after intraperitoneal injection and increased after 7 days, and ALT levels also increased after 7 days. In addition, creatinine related to renal malfunction increased 3 and 5 days after TAA injection. In histopathological analysis, pericholangitis and local lymphocyte infiltration were observed in the liver from 1 day after intraperitoneal injection of TAA, and hepatic parenchymal cell necrosis was also observed from 3 days after intraperitoneal injection. Hyaline droplet in renal tubular epithelial cell was observed from 1 day after TAA injection, and acute tubular damage such as tubular epithelial cell necrosis appeared from 3 days after TAA injection. Accordingly, it is thought that it will be able to contribute to studies that require a toxicity model.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.19.1-19.7
• /
• 2016

A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine hexavalent chromium ($Cr^{6+}$) accumulation in the mullet and investigate $Cr^{6+}$ toxicity using a panel of biomarkers including metallothioneins (MTs), glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutases (SODs) for 4 weeks. $Cr^{6+}$ bioaccumulation in all tissues, except muscle, was consistently time- and dose-dependent. The accumulation of $Cr^{6+}$ for 4-week exposures was in the following order: $kidney{\approx}liver$ > $intestine{\approx}gill$ > spleen > muscle. Compared with the control, $Cr^{6+}$ bioaccumulation was increased in ${\geq}200{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ groups (P < 0.05). An independent relation was observed between accumulation factors (AFs) and exposure concentration. But AFs increased with exposure time. In the liver and gill, GST and SOD differed from the control at a high $Cr^{6+}$ concentration at 2 and 4 weeks (P < 0.05). This study indicated that the gills were as sensitive as the liver to $Cr^{6+}$ toxicity. However, the latter appeared to influence largely on the organism's adaptive response to $Cr^{6+}$, since $Cr^{6+}$ may elevate GSH and MT levels by enhancing the hepatic uptake of metal in the mullet.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.23 no.2 s.58
• /
• pp.146-151
• /
• 2005

Recent studies indicated the utility of whole effluent assessment as a measure to control discharge of toxic effluents to receiving water in Korea. However, most studies have been focussed on acute lethal effects of toxic wastewater with little consideration of chronic sublethal impacts which are of growing concern in protecting aquatic ecosystem. We conducted acute and chronic toxicity tests with effluents discharged from five different dyeing plants in Gyeong-gi province using a marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri and a freshwater macroinvertebrate Daphnia magna to demonstrate the importance of assessing chronic sublethal effects. Various levels of acute and chronic toxicities were observed in many samples tested in this study. In 21-d chronic toxicity tests using D. magna all samples showed effects on reproduction and growth. Notable mortalities were also noted in three out of five effluents. The result of the Microtox assay indicated that acute microbial toxicity existed in effluents from two out of five plants and acute daphnid toxicity was observed in only one effluent. The result of this study clearly suggests chronic toxicity tests are more suitable to assess biological effects of effluents because it was shown from this study that even an effluent with no acute toxicity could cause chronically lethal and/or sublethal adverse effects on aquatic biota which may affect the population dynamics in aquatic ecosystem.

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
• /
• 2004.12a
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2004