• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.391-397
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Myocardial cell death due to occlusion of the coronary arteries leads to myocardial infarction, a subset of coronary heart disease (CHD). Dietary fiber is known to be associated with a reduced risk of CHD, the underlying mechanisms of which were suggested to delay the onset of occlusion by ameliorating risk factors. In this study, we tested a hypothesis that a beneficial role of dietary fiber could arise from protection of myocardial cells against ischemic injury, manifested after occlusion of the arteries. MATERIALS/METHODS: Three days after rats were fed apple pectin (AP) (with 10, 40, 100, and 400 mg/kg/day), myocardial ischemic injury was induced by 30 min-ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by 3 hr-reperfusion. The area at risk and infarct area were evaluated using Evans blue dye and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, respectively. DNA nicks reflecting the extent of myocardial apoptosis were assessed by TUNEL assay. Levels of cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax were assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Supplementation of AP (with 100 and 400 mg/kg/day) resulted in significantly attenuated infarct size (IS) (ratio of infarct area to area at risk) by 21.9 and 22.4%, respectively, in the AP-treated group, compared with that in the control group. This attenuation in IS showed correlation with improvement in biomarkers involved in the apoptotic cascades: reduction of apoptotic cells, inhibition of conversion of procaspase-3 to caspase-3, and increase of Bcl-2/Bax ratio, a determinant of cell fate. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that supplementation of AP results in amelioration of myocardial infarction by inhibition of apoptosis. Thus, the current study suggests that intake of dietary fiber reduces the risk of CHD, not only by blocking steps leading to occlusion, but also by protecting against ischemic injury caused by occlusion of the arteries.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2000

The quality of the rice straw silage added with apple pomace was investigated in this study and the amount of apple pomace added in different treatments were 0, 20, 40 and 60%, respectively. Crude protein contents (6.4-7.5%) of rice straw silage added with apple pomace were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of 100%. rice straw silage (5.3%), however, crude ash contents were lower (P<0.05) in supplementation of apple pomace. The trends of changing chemical composition between raw materials and end products of silages particularly in the contents of crude protein and crude ash were more apparent in the silages added with apple pomace by 40-60%. Values of pH and the contents of lactic acid and total acid in 40-60% apple pomace added silages were 3.9-4.1, 1.0- 1.5% and 2.7-4.5%, respectively which were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of 4.6, 0.02% and 0.34% in 100% rice straw silage, respectively. In situ dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance rates in the rumen in the treatments of 40- 60% apple pomace added silages were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of 100% rice straw silage particularly since after 3 and 24 hour incubation on DM and NDF disappearance, respectively. Although quickly degraded fraction (a) among the treatments were not significantly different, 28.4-28.5% of slowly degraded fraction (b) and 27.2-27.4% of effective degradability (ED, k=0.08) for DM were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of 100% rice straw silage (12.5 and 24.6% respectively). NDF was in the same trend as in DM. 31.6-63.2% of NDF for b fraction and 18.7- 19.4% for ED in 40-60% apple pomace added silages were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of 100% rice straw silage (12.4 and 17.6% respectively). (Key words : Rice straw silage, Apple pomace, Lactic acid, In situ digestibility, Effective degradability)

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.28-31
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• 2005

To extract apple pectins, apple pomace (AP) was extruded under 14 different conditions of screw speed (250-350 rpm), feed rate of 30-40 kg/hr, and 20-30% moisture content using twin-screw extrusion. Response surface methodology (RSM), based on three variables by three-level factorial design, was employed to investigate effects of screw speed, feed rate, and moisture on dependent variables of extrudates, soluble dietary fiber (SDF), yield of anhydrogalacturonic acid ($Y_{AGA}$) representing pectin, and intrinsic viscosity ([${\eta}$]). Second order models were used to generate three-dimensional response surface for dependent variables, and their coefficients of determination ($R^2$) ranged from 0.96 to 0.99. Moisture content showed highest effect on solubilization of AP.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.84-90
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• 1997

This study was nudertaken to investigate the major food sources of energy, frotin, fat, carbohydrate and crude fiber based on the data from the National Nutrition Survey in 1993. Results were summarized as followed : the most important source of energy was rice providing 52.9% of total energy intake. Instant noodle, pork, bread and beef were major sources of energy in order. Protein sources were rice, beef, pork, egg and pollack in order. And the primary sources of fat was pork and the rank next to pork were soybean oil in large city, instant noodle in small city and rice in rural. Rice contributed the most to total carbohydrate followed in order by instant noodle, bread, apple and kimchi. Crude fiber was impartially provided from various foods such as kimchi, red pepper powder, apple, red pepper and radish. Number of foods providing 90% of nutrient intake were 41 for energy, 43 for protein, 32 for fat, 19 for carbohydrate and 29 for crude fiber. Among region, mean amount of nutrients intake didn't show any significant differences(p>0.05). In conclusion, rice was found to be the most important sources of various nutrients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.934-942
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the influence of dietary fibers on the serum lipid level and bowel function in aged rats. Fiber sources of experimental diets were made from mugwort(M), butterbur(B), apple(A), sea mustard(S) by drying and milling. Each of fiber sources was mixed into the diet at the level of 5, 15% of diet. Sprague-Dawley strain, 13 month old male rats were divided into 9 groups by randomized complete block design : C, M5, B5, A5, S5, M15, B15, A15, S15. The animals were fed ad libitum each of experimental diets for 4 weeks. Control group showed lower food intake compare to the other groups. There were no significant difference between 5% groups and 15% groups in food intake. Fecal weight, dry fecal weight and fecal water content of control group were significantly lower than those of experimental groups, and fecal water content was increased by increasing level of dietary fibber. Apple group showed the lowest values, sea mustard group showed the highest. The shorter transit time was observed in the group of higher intake of dietary fiber. At the same level of dietary fiber, transit time of sea mustard group was shorter than the other groups. With increasing age, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol were increased and HDL-cholesterol was decreased. Fiber fed groups showed lower serum TG, TC and higher HDL-c level compare to the control group. Absorption rates of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus was tend to be lower in the group fed dietary fiber sources than control group. Mucosa weight and maltase activity in the small intestine were decreased by increasing age. As intake of dietary fiber increaed, mucosa weight in the small intestine was not different but maltase activity was decreased.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.400-408
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• 2011

This study was performed to analyze the retarded degree of Garaetteok retrogradation added with different ratios 0-15% (w/w) of apple pomace dietary fiber powder (DFP). SEM (${\times}$500) showed that air cell size on the Garaetteok surface increased as DFP content increased, whereas control had a compact structure without air cells. The degrees of Garaetteok retrogradation after 3 days at 4 and 25$^{\circ}C$ by ${\alpha}$-amylase iodine method were 57.44 and 41.55% for control, respectively. On the other hand, those of 15% DFP Garaetteok were 28.38 and 15.05%, respectively. Enthalpy changes (${\Delta}$E) by DSC of control, 10 and 20% DFP Garaetteok after 3 days of storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ were 4.41, 4.17, and 3.80 J/g, respectively, whereas those at 25$^{\circ}C$ were 2.14, 1.04, and 0.72 J/g. Hardness of 15% DFP Garaetteok was around 48% compared to that of control after 3 days of storage at 25$^{\circ}C$. Increasing DFP content from 0 to 15% decreased L color value from 86.2 to 55.1, whereas a and b values increased from -1.9 to 8.9 and from 5.3 to 20.8, respectively. In a sensory intensity test, hardnesses of 15% DEP Garaetteok were significantly different at 1 and 0.1% compared to those of control after production and followed by storage for 3 days at 4$^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.40-47
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• 1991

1) 체중증가량, 식이섭취량은 모든 군에서 차이가 거의 없었다. 2) 혈압은 대조군에 비해 건조사과군, 건조당근군, 건조미역군, 건조파래군 모두에게서 유의적인 감소를 보였다. 3) Na balance는 건조당근군, 건조파래군, 건조미역군에서 negative value를 나타내었으며 유의적 이었다. 4) 소변중의 Na배설은 대변중의 Na배설에 변화없이 미역, 파래, 당근을 섭취시킨 군이 다른 군에 비해 보다 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 5) Pectin첨가군 및 algin첨가군은 대조군에 비교하여 혈청내 total cholesterol은 감소시키는 경향을 보였으나 triglyceride는 유의적 차이가 없었다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.547-554
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• 2022

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of cereal bars containing various concentrations (0, 10, 20, or 30%) of apple pomace (AP). Highest vitamin B₁ and C contents were observed in 30% AP-containing bars, but vitamin B₂ and B₃ contents were highest in the control (0.347 and 3.566 mg/100 g, respectively). Cutting strength decreased significantly in an AP concentration-dependent manner. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in 10% AP bars were 2.949±0.157 mg of GAE/g and 1.001±0.009 mg of CE/g, respectively. Antioxidant activities were assessed by measuring free radical scavenging activities, and 10% AP bars had the highest activities, as determined by ABTS (2,2'azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and DPPH (α-α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) assays (0.412±0.008 and 0.492±0.021 mg GAE/g, respectively). These results suggested that apple pomace should be regarded a potential nutritional and antioxidant source.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.391-395
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• 2002

솎은 과실의 일반성분은 완숙과실 보다 조단백질, 조지방, 회분함량이 높았으나 탄수화물 함량은 낮았다. 무기물 함량은 Ca> Mg＞ P＞ Na＞ K＞ B 순이었다. 중금속 중 As, Cd, Cr, Hg는 검출되지 않았고 Ge, Mo, Ni, Pb 등은 극 미량이었다. 유기산은 tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid 등이 검출되었으나 솎은 배는 citric acid가 검출되지 않았다. 유리당은 glucose, fructose, sucrose 등이 검출되었으나 솎은 사과는 sucrose 가 검출되지 않았다. 식이섬유 함량은 불용성 식이섬유가 수용성 식이섬유 보다 높았다. DPPH법에 의한 항산화 효과는 사과 추출액이 RC$_{50}$ 81.2~85.2 ${\mu}\ell$/mL로 가장 활성이 높았고 아질산염 소거능은 반응 pH 1.2에서 솎은 사과와 배 추출액이 각각 80%와 63%로 우수한 효과가 있었으며, tyrosinase 저해 활성은 배 추출액이 61.0~89.4%로 가장 높았다.다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.908-913
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• 2000

사과쥬스 제조 후 대부분 폐기 처분되고 있는 사과박의 이용성을 증대하기 위해 사과박의 유용성분을 분석하고 사과박 추출물의 항산화 활성을 조사하였다. 사과박의 총플라보노이드 함량은 458 mg%, 총페놀 함량은 1048 mg%, 비타민 C함량은 19.8 mg%로 나타났으며 사과박의 식이섬유 함량은 총식이섬유 55.56%, 수용성 식이섬유 14.20%, 불용성 식이섬유41.36%로 나타났다. 사과박의 phenolic acid는 protocatechuic acid가 3.51 mg%로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었으며 사과박의 flavonoid를 HPLC로 분석하였을때 phloridzin과 quercetin-3-glucoside가 확인되었으며 각각의 함량은 48.87 mg%, 16.22 mg%로 나타났다. 사과박의 각 분획별 항산화능 시험에서 지용성 모델계에서 BHA와 ${\alpha}-tocopherol$보다는 낮지만 ethyl acetate 획분이 높은 항산화능을 나타내었을 뿐만 아니라 쥐 간조직을 기질로한 과산화지질 생성억제 시험에서도 ethyl acetate 획분이 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었다.