Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2014.8.4.391

Apple pectin, a dietary fiber, ameliorates myocardial injury by inhibiting apoptosis in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion  

Lim, Sun Ha (Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu)
Kim, Mi Young (Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu)
Lee, Jongwon (Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu)
Publication Information
Nutrition Research and Practice / v.8, no.4, 2014 , pp. 391-397 More about this Journal
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Myocardial cell death due to occlusion of the coronary arteries leads to myocardial infarction, a subset of coronary heart disease (CHD). Dietary fiber is known to be associated with a reduced risk of CHD, the underlying mechanisms of which were suggested to delay the onset of occlusion by ameliorating risk factors. In this study, we tested a hypothesis that a beneficial role of dietary fiber could arise from protection of myocardial cells against ischemic injury, manifested after occlusion of the arteries. MATERIALS/METHODS: Three days after rats were fed apple pectin (AP) (with 10, 40, 100, and 400 mg/kg/day), myocardial ischemic injury was induced by 30 min-ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by 3 hr-reperfusion. The area at risk and infarct area were evaluated using Evans blue dye and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, respectively. DNA nicks reflecting the extent of myocardial apoptosis were assessed by TUNEL assay. Levels of cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax were assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Supplementation of AP (with 100 and 400 mg/kg/day) resulted in significantly attenuated infarct size (IS) (ratio of infarct area to area at risk) by 21.9 and 22.4%, respectively, in the AP-treated group, compared with that in the control group. This attenuation in IS showed correlation with improvement in biomarkers involved in the apoptotic cascades: reduction of apoptotic cells, inhibition of conversion of procaspase-3 to caspase-3, and increase of Bcl-2/Bax ratio, a determinant of cell fate. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that supplementation of AP results in amelioration of myocardial infarction by inhibition of apoptosis. Thus, the current study suggests that intake of dietary fiber reduces the risk of CHD, not only by blocking steps leading to occlusion, but also by protecting against ischemic injury caused by occlusion of the arteries.
Keywords
Apple pectin; coronary heart disease; ischemia; apoptosis; dietary fiber;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD; Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction, Jaffe AS, Apple FS, Galvani M, Katus HA, Newby LK, Ravkilde J, Chaitman B, Clemmensen PM, Dellborg M, Hod H, Porela P, Underwood R, Bax JJ, Beller GA, Bonow R, Van der Wall EE, Bassand JP, Wijns W, Ferguson TB, Steg PG, Uretsky BF, Williams DO, Armstrong PW, Antman EM, Fox KA, Hamm CW, Ohman EM, Simoons ML, Poole-Wilson PA, Gurfinkel EP, Lopez-Sendon JL, Pais P, Mendis S, Zhu JR, Wallentin LC, Fernandez-Aviles F, Fox KM, Parkhomenko AN, Priori SG, Tendera M, Voipio-Pulkki LM, Vahanian A, Camm AJ, De Caterina R, Dean V, Dickstein K, Filippatos G, Funck-Brentano C, Hellemans I, Kristensen SD, McGregor K, Sechtem U, Silber S, Tendera M, Widimsky P, Zamorano JL, Morais J, Brener S, Harrington R, Morrow D, Lim M, Martinez-Rios MA, Steinhubl S, Levine GN, Gibler WB, Goff D, Tubaro M, Dudek D, Al-Attar N. Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation 2007;116:2634-53.   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Hansen L, Dragsted LO, Olsen A, Christensen J, Tjønneland A, Schmidt EB, Overvad K. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of acute coronary syndrome. Br J Nutr 2010;104:248-55.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Jensen EN, Buch-Andersen T, Ravn-Haren G, Dragsted LO. Mini-review: The effects of apples on plasma cholesterol levels and cardiovascular risk - a review of the evidence. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 2009;84:34-41.
4 Brouns F, Theuwissen E, Adam A, Bell M, Berger A, Mensink RP. Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66:591-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Sánchez D, Muguerza B, Moulay L, Hernández R, Miguel M, Aleixandre A. Highly methoxylated pectin improves insulin resistance and other cardiometabolic risk factors in Zucker fatty rats. J Agric Food Chem 2008;56:3574-81.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Nishimura N, Tanabe H, Sasaki Y, Makita Y, Ohata M, Yokoyama S, Asano M, Yamamoto T, Kiriyama S. Pectin and high-amylose maize starch increase caecal hydrogen production and relieve hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Br J Nutr 2012;107: 485-92.   DOI
7 Melton LD, Smith BG. Determination of neutral sugars by gas chromatography of their alditol acetates. Curr Protoc Food Analyt Chem 2001:E3.2.1-13.
8 Lim SH, Song KS, Lee JW. Butyrate and propionate, short chain fatty acids, attenuate myocardial damages by inhibition of apoptosis in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion. J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem 2010;53:570-7.   DOI
9 Lim SH, Lee J. Methanol extract of Cassia mimosoides var. nomame attenuates myocardial injury by inhibition of apoptosis in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2012;17:177-83.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Ren J, Babcock SA, Li Q, Huff AF, Li SY, Doser TA. Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 transgene ameliorates chronic alcohol ingestion- induced apoptosis in cerebral cortex. Toxicol Lett 2009;187:149-56.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Adams JM, Cory S. Life-or-death decisions by the Bcl-2 protein family. Trends Biochem Sci 2001;26:61-6.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 van Empel VP, Bertrand AT, Hofstra L, Crijns HJ, Doevendans PA, De Windt LJ. Myocyte apoptosis in heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2005;67:21-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Lee Y, Gustafsson AB. Role of apoptosis in cardiovascular disease. Apoptosis 2009;14:536-48.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Oltvai ZN, Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ. Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 1993;74:609-19.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Abbate A, Bussani R, Amin MS, Vetrovec GW, Baldi A. Acute myocardial infarction and heart failure: role of apoptosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006;38:1834-40.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Zucchi R, Ghelardoni S, Evangelista S. Biochemical basis of ischemic heart injury and of cardioprotective interventions. Curr Med Chem 2007;14:1619-37.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Cohen M, Boiangiu C, Abidi M. Therapy for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients who present late or are ineligible for reperfusion therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:1895-906.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Ahmad R, Javed S, Bhandari U. Antiapoptotic potential of herbal drugs in cardiovascular disorders: an overview. Pharm Biol 2010;48:358-74.   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Crow MT, Mani K, Nam YJ, Kitsis RN. The mitochondrial death pathway and cardiac myocyte apoptosis. Circ Res 2004;95:957-70.   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Fischbach MA, Sonnenburg JL. Eating for two: how metabolism establishes interspecies interactions in the gut. Cell Host Microbe 2011;10:336-47.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Aprikian O, Duclos V, Guyot S, Besson C, Manach C, Bernalier A, Morand C, Rémésy C, Demigne C. Apple pectin and a polyphenol- rich apple concentrate are more effective together than separately on cecal fermentations and plasma lipids in rats. J Nutr 2003;133: 1860-5.
22 Badimon L, Padró T, Vilahur G. Atherosclerosis, platelets and thrombosis in acute ischaemic heart disease. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2012;1:60-74.
23 Chapman MJ. From pathophysiology to targeted therapy for atherothrombosis: a role for the combination of statin and aspirin in secondary prevention. Pharmacol Ther 2007;113:184-96.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Brener SJ. Insights into the pathophysiology of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2006;151:S4-10.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Eshak ES, Iso H, Date C, Kikuchi S, Watanabe Y, Wada Y, Wakai K, Tamakoshi A; JACC Study Group. Dietary fiber intake is associated with reduced risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease among Japanese men and women. J Nutr 2010;140:1445-53.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Pereira MA, O'Reilly E, Augustsson K, Fraser GE, Goldbourt U, Heitmann BL, Hallmans G, Knekt P, Liu S, Pietinen P, Spiegelman D, Stevens J, Virtamo J, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:370-6.   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, Loria CM, Whelton PK; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Dietary fiber intake and reduced risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Arch Intern Med 2003;163: 1897-904.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Shin D. Analysis of dietary insoluble and soluble fiber contents in school meal. Nutr Res Pract 2012;6:28-34.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Slavin JL. Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber. J Am Diet Assoc 2008;108:1716-31.   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Bell SJ. A review of dietary fiber and health: focus on raisins. J Med Food 2011;14:877-83.   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Han HS, Jang JH, Jang JH, Choi JS, Kim YJ, Lee C, Lim SH, Lee HK, Lee J. Water extract of Triticum aestivum L. and its components demonstrate protective effect in a model of vascular dementia. J Med Food 2010;13:572-8.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Shibata R, Sato K, Pimentel DR, Takemura Y, Kihara S, Ohashi K, Funahashi T, Ouchi N, Walsh K. Adiponectin protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through AMPK- and COX-2- dependent mechanisms. Nat Med 2005;11:1096-103.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Fraeye I, Duvetter T, Verlent I, Sila DN, Hendrickx M, Van Loey A. Comparison of enzymatic de-esterification of strawberry and apple pectin at elevated pressure by fungal pectinmethylesterase. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2007;8:93-101.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Tao L, Gao E, Bryan NS, Qu Y, Liu HR, Hu A, Christopher TA, Lopez BL, Yodoi J, Koch WJ, Feelisch M, Ma XL. Cardioprotective effects of thioredoxin in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion: role of S-nitrosation [corrected]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:11471-6.   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Harada M, Qin Y, Takano H, Minamino T, Zou Y, Toko H, Ohtsuka M, Matsuura K, Sano M, Nishi J, Iwanaga K, Akazawa H, Kunieda T, Zhu W, Hasegawa H, Kunisada K, Nagai T, Nakaya H, Yamauchi- Takihara K, Komuro I. G-CSF prevents cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction by activating the Jak-Stat pathway in cardiomyocytes. Nat Med 2005;11:305-11.   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Krijnen PA, Nijmeijer R, Meijer CJ, Visser CA, Hack CE, Niessen HW. Apoptosis in myocardial ischaemia and infarction. J Clin Pathol 2002;55:801-11.   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Zidar N, Dolenc-Strazar Z, Jeruc J, Stajer D. Immunohistochemical expression of activated caspase-3 in human myocardial infarction. Virchows Arch 2006;448:75-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Rabkin SW. Apoptosis in human acute myocardial infarction: the rationale for clinical trials of apoptosis inhibition in acute myocardial infarction. Sch Res Exch 2009:979318.
39 Hengartner MO. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 2000;407: 770-6.   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Spierings D, McStay G, Saleh M, Bender C, Chipuk J, Maurer U, Green DR. Connected to death: the (unexpurgated) mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Science 2005;310:66-7.   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Lakhani SA, Masud A, Kuida K, Porter GA Jr, Booth CJ, Mehal WZ, Inayat I, Flavell RA. Caspases 3 and 7: key mediators of mitochondrial events of apoptosis. Science 2006;311:847-51.   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Veldman FJ, Nair CH, Vorster HH, Vermaak WJ, Jerling JC, Oosthuizen W, Venter CS. Dietary pectin influences fibrin network structure in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Thromb Res 1997;86: 183-96.   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, Sacks FM. Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69: 30-42.
44 Wu H, Dwyer KM, Fan Z, Shircore A, Fan J, Dwyer JH. Dietary fiber and progression of atherosclerosis: the Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:1085-91.