• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.914-937
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• 2023

The objective of this study was to establish a multi-residue quantitative method for the analysis of anthelmintic and antiprotozoal drugs in various livestock products (beef, pork, and chicken) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Each compound performed validation at three different levels i.e., 0.5, 1, and 2× the maximum residue limit according to the CODEX guidelines (CAC/GL 71-2009). This study was conducted according to the modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe procedure. The matrix-matched calibrations gave correlation coefficients >0.98, and the obtained recoveries were in the range of 60.2%-119.9%, with coefficients of variation ≤32.0%. Furthermore, the detection and quantification limits of the method were in the ranges of 0.03-3.2 and 0.1-9.7 ㎍/kg, respectively. Moreover, a survey of residual anthelmintic and antiprotozoal drugs was also carried out in 30 samples of beef, pork, and chicken collected in Korea. Toltrazuril sulfone was detected in all three samples. Thus, our results indicated that the developed method is suitable for determining the anthelmintic and antiprotozoal drug contents in livestock products.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1984-1989
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• 2006

Deacetylated chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) had effective antiprotozoal activity against Trichomonas vaginalis (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration, MIC 0.25%), whereas 80% acetylated cas showed no antiprotozoal activity (MIC > 1 %). an the other hand, 80% acetylated cas showed growth stimulatory activity against the protozoa. When T. vaginalis was treated with 98% deacetylated COS at 0.25% concentration, the viability of the protozoa was rapidly decreased within 15 min, and the protozoa completely died within 40 min. Ultrastructural changes of trichomonads treated with COS included a loss of defined nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum membranes, an increase in the number of free ribosome, vacuolation, and ultimately lysis of the cell membrane. These results indicate that deacetylated COS can be used as an antitrichomonal agent, although its lethal mechanism is not known.

• CELLMED
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.22.1-22.19
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• 2016

The biologically active compounds derived from different natural organisms such as animals, plants, and microorganisms like algae, fungi, bacteria and merine organisms. These natural compounds possess diverse biological activities like anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities. These biological active compounds were acted by variety of molecular targets and thus may potentially contribute to several pharmacological classes. The synthesis of natural products and their analogues provides effect of structural modifications on the parent compounds which may be useful in the discovery of potential new drug molecules with different biological activities. Natural organisms have developed complex chemical defense systems by repelling or killing predators, such as insects, microorganisms, animals etc. These defense systems have the ability to produce large numbers of diverse compounds which can be used as new drugs. Thus, research on natural products for novel therapeutic agents with broad spectrum activities and will continue to provide important new drug molecules.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.245-262
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to review clinical studies of traditional Korean medicine treatment (herb medicine) on vaginal atrophy. Methods: Key words "Vaginal atrophy", "Vulvovaginal atrophy", "Vaginal dryness", "Atrophic vaginitis", "Herb medicine", "Acupuncture", "Moxibustion", "Catgut embedding" were searched on 11 database systems (PMC, CENTRAL, EMBASE, CNKI, KTKP, KISS, NDSL, OASIS, DBpia, KMBASE, RISS) on May 31th 2019. In all searches, limits were set for MeSH (human) and language (English, Chinese or Korean). Results: 18 controlled clinical trials were collected in accordance with the selection and exclusion criteria. The types of intervention were herbal medicine, and types of herbal medicine were decoction, cream, suppository, oil, ect. The study results and methods of intervention were analyzed. Conclusions: Among the 18 trials, 5 studies showed that herbal medicine with hormone or antiprotozoal therapy was more effective than hormone or antiprotozoal therapy alone. And 2 studies showed that herbal medicine treatment was more effective than oil treatment of topical use. There was no abnormal vaginal bleeding, breast swelling and pain in TCM group.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.253.2-253.2
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• 2002

Apicidin. a natural product HDAC inhibitor. is recently isolated from Fusarium sp. at Merk Research Laboratories, induces therapeutic applications as a broad spectrum antiprotozoal agent to muti-drug resistant malaria and a potential antitumor agent. The biological activity of apicidin appears to be apicocomplexan HDAC at low nanomolar concentrations. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.110-110
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• 2001

Histone deacetylase(HDAC), a neuclear enzyme that regulates gene trascription and the assembly of newly synthesized chromatin, has received much attention in recent literature. The explosion of activity in this field has yielded the cloning of a mammalian gene which encodes a complementary histone acetyl trasferases. Several cyclic tetrapeptide inhibitors of HDAC has been reported to affect the hyperacetylation of mammalian and plant histones. Apicidin, a natural product HDAC inhibitor recently isolated at Merck Research Laboratories, induces therapeutic applications as a broad spectrum antiprotozoal agent to multi-drug resistant malaria and a potential antitumor agnet. The biological activity of apicidin appears to be attributable to inhibition of apicocomplexan HDAC at low nanomolar concentrations.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.217-222
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• 2010

A phytochemical investigation of the ethanolic extract of Erythrina caffra flowers from an Egyptian origin yielded three C-flavonoidal glycosides; 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone-8-C-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (vitexin) (1), 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone-6-C-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 $\rightarrow$ 2)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (isovitexin-2"-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside) (2), 5, 7, 4'-trihydroxyflavone-6, 8-di-C-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (vicenin-2) (3) and one O-flavonoidal glycoside; kaempferol-3-O-$\beta$-D.glucopyranosyl) (1 $\rightarrow$ 2)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (4). The structures of the isolated compounds (1 - 4) were elucidated using different spectral techniques (UV, 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS). This is the first report for the isolation of flavonoidal glycosides from Erythrina caffra. The antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, and antileishmanial activities of the isolates were evaluated. In addition, the cytotoxic activity of the ethanolic extract and the main fractions were tested using brine shrimp bioassay.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.704-709
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• 2009

The emergence of methicillin-resistant of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) has led to an urgent need for the discovery and development of new antibacterial agents. As part of an ongoing investigation into the antibacterial properties of the natural products, (2S)-7,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-(${\gamma}$, ${\gamma}$-dimethylally)-f1avanone (2S-DMDF), isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens, was found to be antibacterial active MRSA and VRE. Sophora flavescens has been used as antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoal, anti-inflammatory. Therefore, this study investigated the antibacterial activity of 2S-DMDF against all the bacterial strains tested. In this result, at the end point of an optically clear well, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 0.97 to 15.6 mg/ml for 2S-DMDF, from 125 to 256 mg/ml for ampicillin, and from 64 to 512 mg/ml for gentamicin with MRSA, also, 7.8 to 15.6 mg/ml for 2S-DMDF, from 125 to 256 mg/ml for ampicillin, and from 512 to 1024< mg/ml for vacomicin with VRE. These findings indicated that the application of the tested 2S-DMDF alone might prove useful in the control and treatment of MRSA and VRE infections.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2021

Nitarsone is an organoarsenic antiprotozoal drug widely used to treat blackhead disease in turkeys and chickens. However, since its biological conversion into inorganic arsenic, a carcinogen was known, its residue in foods should be regulated. Thus, here, a novel method to determine residual nitarsone in various food commodities (pork, milk, egg, halibut, eel, and shrimp) using QuEChERS and LC-MRM was developed. The developed method was successfully validated through specificity, linearity (coefficient of determination, at least 0.991), recovery (R, 63.6 - 85.6%), precision (the relative standard deviation of R, 0.5 - 10.6%), and sensitivity (the lower limit of quantitation, 5 ppb) by following the Ministry of food and drug safety (MFDS) guidelines. The present method is the first mean to quantitate nitarsone using LC-MRM, and it was designed to be conveniently merged into a new method to quantitate multiple veterinary drugs for the positive list system (PLS). Therefore, the present method could contribute to fortify the food safety system in South Korea.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2018

Propolis has been used as a natural remedy in folk medicine worldwide. The antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiprotozoal aspects of its antimicrobial properties have been widely investigated. However, few studies focused on its applications in dentistry. Many dental diseases are related to various microorganisms in the oral cavity. In this study, we assessed the antimicrobial activity of Korean propolis extract, collected from 6 different regions, on oral pathogenic microorganisms. The propolis samples, collected from 6 different regions (P1: Uijeongbu, P2: Ansan, P3: Hongcheon, P4: Iksan, P5: Gwangju, and P6: Sangju), were dissolved in ethanol at two different concentrations (10 and 50 mg/ml). Three oral bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis) and one fungus (Candida albicans) were activated in general broth for 24 hours. Microorganisms were diluted and spread onto agar plates, onto which sterilized 6 mm filter papers with or without each propolis sample were placed. After 24 hours of incubation, clear zones of inhibition were observed. All tests were performed in triplicate. The propolis samples showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activity on oral pathogenic microorganisms; in addition, low-concentration groups showed outstanding antimicrobial efficacy on the 4 different microorganisms. Among the samples, P6 had significantly higher antibacterial activity than that of the others against three different bacteria. In particular, a high concentration of P6 showed a significant antifungal effect. In conclusion, we confirmed that Korean propolis has an inhibitory effect on oral pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Therefore, we suggest the possibility of developing oral medicine and oral care products based on Korean propolis.