• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.884-890
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• 2007

A mechanism of hair cell damage caused by noise and ototoxic agents is mediated through generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species(ROS). It is known that most of animals have defense systems of ROS that protect against ROS, and the cochlea of animals also has ROS defense system, which appear efficient in detoxifying ROS generated under normal condition. This system includes several antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase(GR). The radix of Pueraria thunbergiana(P. thunbergiana) is traditionally prescribed to attenuate the clinical manifestation of inner ear dysfunction and various clinical situations including fevers, gastrointestinal disorders, skin problems, migraine headaches, lowering cholesterol, and treating chronic alcoholism in Oriental Medicine. In the present study, to investigate the protection mechanism of ${\beta}-sitosterol$ from P. thunbergiana on cisplatin cytotoxicity toward HEI-OC1, we measured the effects of ${\beta}-sitosterol$ on activities of SOD, CAT, GPX, and GR in cisplatin treated cells. SOD, CAT, GPX, and GR activities were significantly increased in the presence of 0.001-0.1 ${\mu}g/ml$ of ${\beta}-sitosterol$ compared to the control group. These results indicate that ${\beta}-sitosterol$ protects cisplatin-induced HEI-OC1 cell damage through increasing the antioxidant enzyme system such as SOD, CAT, GPX, and GR.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.537-547
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• 2014

The object of this study was to observe the effect of Banhasasim-tang (BHSST) on the HCl/EtOH-induced gastric ulcer in mice. Three different dosages of BHSST extract (400, 200 and 100 mg/kg) were once orally administered 1 hr before HCl/EtOH mixture treatment. One hour after HCl/EtOH mixture single oral treatment, the changes on the gross hemorrhagic lesion scores, fundic histopathology, gastric nitrate/nitrite contents, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system (catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities) were observed, and compared with that of ranitidine 100 mg/kg. As results of all three different dosages of BHSST extract treatment in the HCl/EtOH-induced gastric ulcer mice, significant and dose-dependent decreased gastric damages. BHSST extracts also increased gastric nitrate/nitrite contents and strengthened the antioxidant defense systems, and increased the activities of catalase and SOD, respectively. BHSST extracts 200 mg/kg showed similar anti-ulcerative effect as compared with ranitidine 100 mg/kg, in this experiment. BHSST has favorable protective effects against to the HCl/EtOH-induced gastric damages, through the strengthening of the body antioxidant defense systems. These gastroprotective effects of BHSST against HCl/EtOH-induced gastric ulcer considered as results of complicated synergic effects of their 8 kinds of herbal components, but exact synergic or individual herbal effects are difficult to discuss in this study. Therefore, more detail synergic effects between 8 kinds of individual herbal component of BHSST should be tested with screening of active anti-inflammatory chemical ingredients, in future.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.355-366
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• 2014

In this study, resistance responses were investigated during the interaction of Botrytis fabae with two faba bean cultivars expressing different levels of resistance against this pathogen, Nubaria (resistant) and Giza 40 (susceptible). Disease severity was assessed on leaves using a rating scale from 1 to 9. Accumulation levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) were measured in leaf tissues at different times of infection. The expression profiles of two pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs) encoded by the genes PR-1 and ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase were also investigated using reverse transcription RT-PCR analysis. The accumulation of these defense responses was induced significantly in both cultivars upon infection with B. fabae compared with un-inoculated controls. The resistant cultivar showed weaker necrotic symptom expression, less ROS accumulation, a lower rate of lipid peroxidation and higher activity of the enzymatic ROS scavenging system compared with susceptible cultivar. Interestingly, ROS accumulated rapidly in the resistant leaf tissues and peaked during the early stages of infection, whereas accumulation was stronger and more intense in the susceptible tissues in later stages. Moreover, the response of the resistant cultivar to infection was earlier and stronger, exhibiting high transcript accumulation of the PR genes. These results indicated that the induction of oxidant/antioxidant responses and the accumulation of PRPs are part of the faba bean defense mechanism against the necrotrophic fungus B. fabae with a different intensity and timing of induction, depending on the resistance levels.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.77-107
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• 2018

Objectives : In present study, therefore, possible beneficial pharmacological activities of standard potato protein extracts (SPE) were observed on the mild diabetic obese mice. Methods : After end of 12 weeks of continuous oral administrations of three different dosages of SPE 400, 200 and 100 mg/kg, or metformin 250 mg/kg, analyzed the hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, nephroprotective and anti-obesity effects, separately. In addition, liver antioxidant defense systems were additionally measured with lipid metabolism-related genes expressions and hepatic glucose-regulating enzyme activities for action mechanism. Results : All of diabetes and related complications including obesity were significantly inhibited by treatment of SPE 400, 200 and 100 mg/kg, dose-dependently, and they also dramatically normalized the hepatic lipid peroxidation and depletion of liver endogenous antioxidant defense system, the changes of the hepatic glucose-regulating enzyme activities, also changes of the lipid metabolism-related genes expressions including hepatic $AMPK{\alpha}1$ and $AMPK{\alpha}2$ mRNA expressions, dose-dependently. Especially, SPE 200 mg/kg constantly showed favorable inhibitory activities against type II diabetes and related complications as comparable to those of metformin 250 mg/kg in HFD mice, respectively. Conclusions : The present work demonstrated that SPE 400, 200 and 100 mg/kg showed favorable anti-diabetic and related complications including obesity refinement activities in HFD mice, through AMPK upregulation mediated hepatic glucose enzyme activity and lipid metabolism-related genes expression, antioxidant defense system and pancreatic lipid digestion enzyme modulatory activities.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2021

Larvae from the marine medaka fish Oryzias javanicus were exposed with polystyrene microplastics (MPs) for 24 h. Exposure to waterborne fluorescent MPs showed clear ingestion and egestion in feces. Under constant MPs, the concentration of dissolved oxygen significantly decreased in 24 h compared to the control. Significant intracellular reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde contents were detected in larvae, indicating oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Significant elevations in mRNA expressions of heat shock protein 70 and antioxidant defense system genes (glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) were measured with increases in enzymatic activity of oxidative stress-related proteins. Taken together, the alterations to the molecular and biochemical components suggested that waterborne MPs had an oxidative stress effect on marine medaka larvae.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2022

Despite concerns about the significant toxicity of copper pyrithione (CuPT) at environmental concentrations, effects of CuPT on benthic organisms have received little attention. Here, we analyzed the detrimental effects of CuPT at sublethal concentrations (1/50, 1/20, and 1/10 of the 96 h-LC50 value) for 14 days in the marine polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis. Reduced burrowing activity and significantly decreased the acetylcholinesterase activity in response to relatively high concentrations of CuPT were identified as CuPT-triggered cholinergic inhibition. The lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde levels were dose-dependently increased, whereas intracellular glutathione was depleted by relatively high concentrations. In the CuPT-treated polychaete, significant fluctuations in the enzymatic activities of the antioxidant defense system (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase) were observed with significantly modulated glutathione 𝘚-transferase activity. These results indicate that even sublethal levels of CuPT would have detrimental effects on the health status of the marine polychaete.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.115-125
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• 2014

The effects of waterborne arsenic (As) exposure on antioxidant defense were studied in liver and gills of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus under thermal stress. Tilapia were exposed to different As concentrations (0, 200 and $400{\mu}g/L$) at three water-temperatures (WT; 20, 25 and $30^{\circ}C$) for 10 days. In antioxidant response, glutathione (GSH) levels, glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-treansferase (GST) activities were significantly decreased depend on WT in the gills after As exposure. Also, the range of fluctuation in these enzymes activities was most significantly increased at $30^{\circ}C$ in the liver of tilapia exposed to As. The present findings suggest that a simultaneous stress by temperature change and As exposure could accelerate the alteration in antioxidant enzymes activities of tilapia.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2014

The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant defense system of cinnamaldehyde in normal, diabetic rats and its possible protection of pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells against its gradual loss under diabetic conditions. In vitro free radical scavenging effect of cinnamaldehyde was determined using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-dipicrylhydrazyl), superoxide radical, and nitric oxide radical. Streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats were orally administered with cinnamaldehyde at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight for 45 days. At the end of the experiment, the levels of plasma lipid peroxides and antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, ceruloplasmin, catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase were determined. A significant increase in the levels of plasma glucose, vitamin E, ceruloplasmin, and lipid peroxides and significant decrease in the levels of plasma insulin and reduced glutathione were observed in the diabetic rats. Also the activities of pancreatic antioxidant enzymes were altered in the STZ-induced diabetic rats. The altered enzyme activities were reverted to near-normal levels after treatment with cinnamaldehyde and glibenclamide. Histopathological studies also revealed a protective effect of cinnamaldehyde on pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells. Cinnamaldehyde enhances the antioxidant defense against reactive oxygen species produced under hyperglycemic conditions and thus protects pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells against their loss and exhibits antidiabetic properties.

• Mycobiology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.409-420
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• 2017

Foliar sprays of three plant resistance inducers, including chitosan (CH), potassium sorbate (PS) ($C_6H_7kO_2$), and potassium bicarbonates (PB) ($KHCO_3$), were used for resistance inducing against Erysiphe cichoracearum DC (powdery mildew) infecting okra plants. Experiments under green house and field conditions showed that, the powdery mildew disease severity was significantly reduced with all tested treatments of CH, PS, and PB in comparison with untreated control. CH at 0.5% and 0.75% (w/v) plus PS at 1.0% and 2.0% and/or PB at 2.0% or 3.0% recorded as the most effective treatments. Moreover, the highest values of vegetative studies and yield were observed with such treatments. CH and potassium salts treatments reflected many compounds of defense singles which leading to the activation power defense system in okra plant. The highest records of reduction in powdery mildew were accompanied with increasing in total phenolic, protein content and increased the activity of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, chitinase, and ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase in okra plants. Meanwhile, single treatments of CH, PS, and PB at high concentration (0.75%, 2.0%, and/or 3.0%) caused considerable effects. Therefore, application of CH and potassium salts as natural and chemical inducers by foliar methods can be used to control of powdery mildew disease at early stages of growth and led to a maximum fruit yield in okra plants.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 2002

Objective:There is increasing evidence that free radical-mediated CNS neuronal dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This study was performed to examine the relationship between antioxidant defense system and schizophrenia by analyzing polymorphism of catalase gene, an antioxidant enzyme. Method:Genotype and allele frequencies in the promoter region in the catalase gene using restriction fragment length polymorphism were studied, comparing 155 Korean controls with 167 Korean schizophrenics. Results:No difference was found between the schizophrenics and the controls in genotype and allele frequencies of HinfI polymorphism in the catalase gene. Significant difference was found between the female schizophrenics and the female controls in the genotype distribution(${\chi}^2$=11.096, df=2, p=0.004). Conclusions:The results do not support an association between polymorphism of catalase gene and schizophrenia. However, this study suggests that HinfI polymorphism in the catalase gene could be associated with female schizophrenics.