• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.285-290
• /
• 2005

Benzophenanthridine alkaloids - sanguinarine, chelirubine, macarpine, and chelerythrine are produced from Eschscholtzia californica (Californica Poppy, used as a sedative by Native Americans) and most of them are derived from dihydrosanguinarine. The properties of sanguinarine are the basis of its antimicrobial activity and its use in chemosurgery and skin cancer excision. For overproduction of sanguinarine from E. californica, yeast extract was used as elicitor and the elicited cell's metabolites were checked. Sanguinarine production was increased intracelluarly about 8 times in the cell and 5 times extracelluarly. We have peformed proteomic analysis of proteins sequentially extracted from E. califormica suspended cells which were cultured with elicitor, an increase of spot intensity was seen at 24 hours following elicitation. These proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). We found several spots that were expected to be related to benzophenanthridine alkaloids production by comparing the production profiles of metabolites such as sanguinarine. These results demonstrate the use of metabolite analysis as a tool for detecting target proteins related to metabolites production pathway.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2008

It is well known that many antimicrobial proteins in saliva interact with each other. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the interactions of lysozyme with peroxidase in the aspects of enzymatic activity in vitro. The interactions of lysozyme with peroxidase were examined by incubating hen egg-white lysozyme(HEWL) with bovine lactoperoxidase(bLP). The influence of peroxidase system on lysozyme was examined by subsequent addition of potassium thiocyanate and hydrogen peroxide. Lysozyme activity was determined by turbidity measurement of a Micrococcus lysodeikticus substrate suspension. Peroxidase activity was determined with an NbsSCN assay. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the changes of enzymatic activities compared with their controls. bLP at physiological concentrations enhanced the enzymatic activity of HEWL(P < 0.05) and its effect was dependent on the concentration of peroxidase. However, HEWL did not affect the enzymatic activity of bLP. Thiocyanate did not affect the enzymatic activity of HEWL, either. The addition of potassium thiocyanate and hydrogen peroxide did not lead to additional enhancement of the enzymatic activity of HEWL. The changes of hydrogen peroxide concentration in the peroxidase system did not affect the enzymatic activity of HEWL. Collectively, despite an in vitro nature of our study, the results of the present study provide valuable information on the interactions of lysozyme and peroxidase in the aspects of enzymatic activity in oral health care products and possibly in the oral cavity.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.69-79
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this present study was to develop a new way of self-curing acrylic resin, using commercially available polyphosphate, Calgon, which is known to be antimicrobial and safe. For the study, polyphosphate(polyP) was blended with acrylic powder and devided into four groups as follows: no polyP(control), 1% polyP, 2% polyP, and 3% polyP. For the experiment, Streptococcus mutans GS5, Streptococcus sobrinus 6715, Streptococcus gordonii G9B and Challis, Porphyromonas gingivalis 2561, and Candida albicans ATCC 90027 were used. Resin specimens in each group were tested in vitro for the purpose of investigating the effect of polyP on the microbial attachment, growth and hydrophobicity of the resin surface. The results were as follows. 1. PolyP added to the acrylic resin decreased attachment of S. mutans GS5, S. sobrinus 6715, S. gordonii G9B. The greater binding inhibition was found in acrylic resin polymerized with polyP at higher concentrations. 2. The addition of polyP to acrylic resin failed to significantly affect the growth of the tested microorganisms. 3. The addition of polyP to acrylic resin seemed to reduce hydrophobicity of the acrylic resin. PolyP in acrylic resin does not seem to exert a direct antibacterial activity, but rather inhibit attachment of oral bacteria, especially mutans streptococci to saliva-coated acrylic resin. The acrylic resin reduces attachment of streptococci may be due to the decreased hydrophobicity caused by polyP added to the resin. PolyP may be included to acrylic resin to inhibit dental caries which often occurs when removable acrylic resin appliance is placed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.99 no.6
• /
• pp.885-890
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to confirm the application as ingredients of cosmetics through an examination of the function for anti-oxidant activity of the fraction isolated from Pyrus ussuriensis leaves. The dried leaf of Pyrus ussuriensis were extracted with acetone-$H_2O$ (6:4, v/v), concentrated and fractionated with the upper layer of acetone on a separatory funnel. Each fraction was freeze dried, then a portion of acetone soluble powder was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column using a series of aqueous methanol as eluents and also used the MIC-gel using a series of aqueous methanol as developing solvent. The isolated compounds were identified by silica-gel TLC. The concentration of total phenolic compound of Pyrus ussuriensis acetate soluble fraction was high, 914 mg/g. The results obtained from the analyses of the anti-oxidanat effects of Pyrus ussuriensis acetate fraction can be summarized as follows: In the result of DPPH scavenging radical activity, Pyrus ussuriensis acetate soluble fraction showed more than 80% at 100 ppm. SOD-like activity of one of Pyrus ussuriensis acetate soluble fractions was 77% at 1000 ppm. Xanthine oxidase inhibition of Pyrus ussuriensis acetate soluble fraction was 38% at 100 ppm. From these results, we confirmed that acetate fraction of Pyrus ussuriensis has a great potential as a natural ingredients with a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial source.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.43 no.10
• /
• pp.1619-1626
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Joule heating and hydrostatic pressure on reduction of total aerobes and spores of Bacillus cereus in four kinds of sauces prepared with traditional Korean fermented foods. Total aerobes and inoculated spores of B. cereus in sauces were assayed after treatment or during storage at $30^{\circ}C$ after 4 or 8 weeks. Joule heating ($85^{\circ}C$), hydrostatic pressure (550 Mpa, 5 min), and antimicrobial additive (3% ethanol) were separately applied or combined as a hurdle technique. A 1.0~2.0 log reduction in total aerobes of Doenjang and Gochujang sauce was observed upon Joule heating at 80, 85, and $95^{\circ}C$. Significant reductions (0.92~1.21 log/0.5~1.38 log and 1.26~1.7 log/0.47~3.45 log) of total aerobes/spores of B. cereus in Doenjang and Gochujang sauce, respectively, occurred upon JA (Joule+additive), JP (Joule+hydrostatic pressure) or JAP (Joule+additive+ hydrostatic pressure). Effects of each treatments were maintained or increased during storage for 8 weeks at $30^{\circ}C$, suggesting that total aerobes and spores of B. cereus in Doenjang and Gochujang sauce can be controlled through Joule heating or hydrostatic pressure treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.42 no.7
• /
• pp.1133-1138
• /
• 2013

Characteristics of Cheonggukjang with addition of different dropwort (Oenanthe javanica D.C.) powders were investigated. The selected strain, with proteolytic, amylolytic, and antimicrobial activity, was identified as B. subtilis RS-9, using 16S rRNA analysis. The Cheonggukjang was prepared with cooked soybean without dropwort (Control), 0.5% raw dropwort powder (DW0.5), and 1% raw dropwort powder (DW1), 0.5% steamed dropwort powder (SDW0.5), and 1% steamed dropwort powder (SDW1) were added, respectively. The changes in pH of Cheonggukjangs with addition of dropwort powder were lower than those of control during fermentation for 72 hr at $40^{\circ}C$. The total aerobes of the various Cheonggukjangs reached 8.88 (control), 8.82 (DW0.5), 8.70 (DW1), 8.85 (SDW0.5), and 8.75 (SDW1) log CFU/mL after fermentation for 72 hr at $40^{\circ}C$, respectively. The amino nitrogen and viscous substance contents of different dropwort powders added to Cheonggukangs were lower than those of control. The total polyphenol contents and ABTS radical scavenging ability of various Cheonggukjangs were increased by addition of dropwort powder and fermentation. The polyphenol contents and ABTS radical scavenging ability of SDW1 were $590.24{\mu}g/mL$ and 82.16% and showed the highest value among tested Cheonggukangs. The sensory quality of DW0.5 was higher in taste and overall acceptability, compared with other groups.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.51-60
• /
• 2015

Purpose: To determine the effect of marketed multipurpose contact lens solutions (MPSs) on human corneal epithelial cells (HCEpiCs) toxicity by using image analysis. Methods: HCEpiCs were exposed six MPSs (product A-F) at 0.05~50% for 2h, 12h, 24h, and 48h respectively. HCEpiCs were fixed and stained with Draq5 after exposure with MPSs, and the cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated by using confocal microscope and ImageXpress UltraTM. Results: Viabilities of HCEpiCs exposed to MPS A-F for a 2h were not affected, while reductions (52~75%) in cell viability over a 12h exposure of MPS B, MPS C, MPS D and MPS F, and significant more reductions (29~73%) over a 24h and 48h-exposure. Apoptosis of HCEpiC was not affect over a 12h MPS exposure, however was significantly increased (199~526%) over 24h and 48h MPS exposure. Among the products MPS D, E and F reduced viability of HCEpiCs and apoptosis increased more than MPS A (p<0.05). Conclusions: Lower concentration of MPSs have not an cytotoxic effect on HCEpiCs, however higher concentration of MPSs induce apoptosis and reduce viability of HCEpiCs. Therefore, it need to develop MPS having antimicrobial effectiveness with low cytotoxicity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
• /
• 2003.11a
• /
• pp.98-98
• /
• 2003

${\beta}$-(1,3)-D-Glucans have been known to exhibit antitumor and antimicrobial activities. The presence of dectin-1,${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$-glucan receptor of dendritic cell, on macrophage has been controvertial. RT-PCR analysis led to the detection of dectin-1${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ in murine macrophage Raw264.7 cell line. Among the various organs of mouse, dectin-1${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ were detected in the thymus, lung, spleen, stomach and intestine. To analyze gene expression modulated by ${\beta}$-glucan treated murine Raw264.7 macrophage, total mRNA was applied to cDNA microarray to interrogate the expression of 7,000 known genes. cDNA chip analysis showed that ${\beta}$-glucan of P. osteatus increased gene expressions of immunomodulating genes, membrane antigenic proteins, chemokine ligands, complements, cytokines, various kinases, lectin associated genes and oncogenes in Raw 264.7 cell line. When treated with ${\beta}$-glucan of P. osteatus and LPS, induction of gene expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN-R1 was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Induction of TNF-R type II expression was confirmed by FACS analysis. IL-6 expression was abolished by EDTA in ${\beta}$-glucan and LPS treated Raw264.7 cell line, indicating that ${\beta}$-glucan binds to dectin-l in a Ca$\^$＋＋/ -dependent manner. To increase antitumor efficacy of ${\beta}$-glucan, ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) was co-treated with ${\beta}$-glucan in vivo and in vitro tests. IC$\sub$50/ values of GRh2 were 20 and 25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ in SNU-1 and B16 melanoma F10 cell line, respectively. Co-treatment with ${\beta}$-glucan and GRh2 showed synergistic antitumor activity with cisplatin and mitomycin C both in vitro and in vivo. Single or co-treatment with ${\beta}$-glucan and GRh2 increased tumor bearing mouse life span. Co-treatment with ${\beta}$-glucan and GRh2 showed more increased life span with mitomycin C than that with cisplatin. Antitumor activities were 67% and 72 % by co-injection with ${\beta}$-glucan and GRh2 in the absence or presence of mitomycin C, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.297-304
• /
• 2001

Scrophularia buergeriana Misrule has been contaminated with various pathogens in condition of field and storage period. This study was carried out for production of multiple stress resistance plant containing disease resistance that CGST gene expressed in transgenic Scrophularia buergeriana Misrule genome. Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs) detoxify endobiotic and xenobiotic compounds by covalent linking of tripeptide glutathione to hydrophobic substrate. GST enzymes have been identified and characterized in insects, bacteria, and many plant species. A cDNA clone of GST was introduced into Scrophularia buergeriana Miquel by transformation with Agrobacterium tumefaciences. In coporation of the CGST gene into S. buergeriana Misrule was confirmed by PCR analysis of genomic DNA. Influence of exposure to darkness on the regeneration potential and transformation frequence were assessed. The activity of GST in transgenic plants was two times higher than that of non-transgenic plants. As a result of anti-microbe assays, the crude extract protein of transgenic plants showed the antimicrobial effects higher than control plants.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.279-286
• /
• 2018

Citrus grandis Osbeck pericarp is used as tea, herbal medicine, etc., but is not commercialized in various ways. So, in this study, we identified potential for use of Citrus grandis Osbeck as health functional foods, cosmetics and food preservatives. Methanol extract of Citrus grandis Osbeck pericarp was fractionated with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanol, to quantitatively analyze total phenol and flavonoid, and investigate antioxidative and enzyme inhibitory activities. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were highest in ethyl acetate fraction, FRAP and ORAC results also revealed highest activity in proportion to total phenol content. DPPH radical scavenging activity revealed that ethyl acetate, butanol and dichloromethane fraction manifested highest activity without significant difference. However, dichloromethane fraction revealed higher TEAC value and tyrosinase inhibitory activity than ethyl acetate fraction, and hexane fraction manifested best results with superoxide radical scavenging activity and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory activity. Antimicrobial activity also revealed best effect in dichloromethane and hexane fractions. So, based on the following results, use of dichloromethane fraction as material of natural functional cosmetics, ethyl acetate fraction for health functional foods, and hexane fractions for pharmaceuticals and food preservatives, would be most practical for product development.