• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제9권12호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2018

이 연구는 Candida albicans에 대한 과일식초음료의 항진균 억제 기전에 관하여 알아보고자 하였다. 식초음료가 C. albicans의 성장, 유전자 억제와 형태 변화에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 위상차현미경, Real-Time PCR 등을 시행하여 평가하였다. C. albicans의 생장력 검사 결과 식초 음료 첨가시 모두 성장이 억제되는 결과를 보였다. 또한 ALS3, ECE1, HWP1, Sap5의 발현 수준을 측정한 결과 식초 음료를 첨가한 경우 유전자 발현이 모두 감소되었다. 위상차 현미경으로 검사한 결과, 식초 음료를 첨가한 그룹은 C. albicans의 현저한 양적 감소, 형태학적 변화 및 억제를 보였다. 이 연구 결과는 식초 음료에 항진균 활성을 나타내는 성분이 있으며 구강 건강을 위한 항진균제 개발의 기초 자료로 사용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1937-1945
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• 2018

Malassezia pachydermatis is a commensal yeast found on the skin of dogs. However, M. pachydermatis is also considered an opportunistic pathogen and is associated with various canine skin diseases including otitis externa and atopic dermatitis, which usually require treatment using an azole antifungal drug, such as ketoconazole. In this study, we isolated a ketoconazole-resistant strain of M. pachydermatis, designated "KCTC 27587," from the external ear canal of a dog with otitis externa and analyzed its resistance mechanism. To understand the mechanism underlying ketoconazole resistance of the clinical isolate M. pachydermatis KCTC 27587, the whole genome of the yeast was sequenced using the PacBio platform and was compared with M. pachydermatis type strain CBS 1879. We found that a ~84-kb region in chromosome 4 of M. pachydermatis KCTC 27587 was tandemly quadruplicated. The quadruplicated region contains 52 protein coding genes, including the homologs of ERG4 and ERG11, whose overexpression is known to be associated with azole resistance. Our data suggest that the quadruplication of the ~84-kb region may be the cause of the ketoconazole resistance in M. pachydermatis KCTC 27587.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.4.1-4.13
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• 2021

Background: Microsporum canis is a zoonotic disease that can cause dermatophytosis in animals and humans. Objectives: In clinical practice, ketoconazole (KTZ) and other imidazole drugs are commonly used to treat M. canis infection, but its molecular mechanism is not completely understood. The antifungal mechanism of KTZ needs to be studied in detail. Methods: In this study, one strain of fungi was isolated from a canine suffering with clinical dermatosis and confirmed as M. canis by morphological observation and sequencing analysis. The clinically isolated M. canis was treated with KTZ and transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in M. canis exposed to KTZ compared with those unexposed thereto. Results: At half-inhibitory concentration (½MIC), compared with the control group, 453 genes were significantly up-regulated and 326 genes were significantly down-regulated (p < 0.05). Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis verified the transcriptome results of RNA sequencing. Gene ontology enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that the 3 pathways of RNA polymerase, steroid biosynthesis, and ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes are closely related to the antifungal mechanism of KTZ. Conclusions: The results indicated that KTZ may change cell membrane permeability, destroy the cell wall, and inhibit mitosis and transcriptional regulation through CYP51, SQL, ERG6, ATM, ABCB1, SC, KER33, RPA1, and RNP genes in the 3 pathways. This study provides a new theoretical basis for the effective control of M. canis infection and the effect of KTZ on fungi.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.878-884
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• 2020

Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum are the two important postharvest pathogens in citrus, causing about 90% of the total loss of citrus fruit during storage and transportation. Natural fungicides such as essential oils have been widely used instead of chemical fungicides for preventing and controlling postharvest diseases. In this research, p-anisaldehyde exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on P. digitatum and P. italicum, with the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration values of both being 2.00 μl/ml. Additionally, p-anisaldehyde visibly inhibited both the green mold and blue mold development of citrus fruits inoculated with P. digitatum and P. italicum. The mycelia morphologies of these pathogens were greatly altered, and the membrane permeability and cell wall integrity of mycelia were severely disrupted under p-anisaldehyde treatment. These results suggest that the antifungal activity of p-anisaldehyde against P. digitatum and P. italicum can be attributed to the disruption of the cell wall integrity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.557-560
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• 2005

Resveratrol, a phenolic antioxidant found in grapes, has been known to mediate various biological activities on the human body. In the present study, we tested the antifungal a ctivity of resveratrol against human pathogenic fungi before carrying out further studies to elucidate the antifungal mechanism(s) of resveratrol. Resveratrol displayed potent antifungal activity against human pathogenic fungi at concentration levels of 10-20 ${\mu}g$/mL. Furthermore, time-kill curve exhibited fungicidal effect of resveratrol on C. albicans, but the compound had no hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes. The destruction of C. albicans cells by resveratrol was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. These results suggest that resveratrol could be employed as a therapeutic agent to treat fungal infections of humans.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.216-222
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• 2002

항진균 세균의 특성 및 기능변화 가능성을 조사하기 위하여 버섯폐배지, 온천수, 해조류 및 삼림토양으로부터 식물병원성 진균에 대한 8종의 항진균 활성 균주를 분리하였고 감마선($^{60}Co$)을 이용하여 $LD_{95}$에서 돌연변이체를 유도하였다. Bacillus circulans K1, Burkholderia gladioli K4와 Bacillus subtilis YS1은 12 종의 식물병원성 진균에 대해 항진균 활성을 보였다. 이들 균주의 방사선감수성 조사결과 B. gladioli K4는 감마선에 대한 높은 감수성을 보였으며, $D_{10}$ 값은 0.11 kGy 였다. 감마선에 의해 유도된 K1-1004와 YS1-1009는 Botryosphaeria dothidea에 대해 항진균 활성이 증가되었다. B. subtilis YS1의 돌연변이체인 YS1-1006과 YS1-1009는 tebuconazol과 copper hydroxide에 대해 농약 저항성을 나타냈다. SAR535, SAR5108 과 SAR5l18 돌연변이체는 야생형 균주인 Streptomyces sp. SAR01에 비해 5 종의 식물병원성 진균에 대해 항진균 활성이 없었다. 연구결과, 방사선을 이용하여 다양한 기능의 돌연변이체 유도가 가능하였다. 이를 이용하여 항진균 활성 관련 유전자 연구 및 균주개량이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.437-441
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• 1990

근채류 식물의 근부원인이 되는 식물병원균 Fusarium solani의 생육을 강력히 길항하는 생물반제균 Pseudomonas stutzeri YPL-1을 모균주로 하여 UV나 NTG로 돌연변이시킴으로써 길항능이 증강된 강력한 생물방제균을 유전적으로 육종하고자 하였다. 그 결과 길항기작의 원인인 외막가수분해효소 chitinase 생산능이 2.5배, 2.0배 정도로 증강된, 동시에 길항능도 모균주에 비해 1.7배, 1.5배 정도로 비례해서 증강된, 강력한 우수 길항변이주 P.stutzeri YPL-M26(UV)과 P.stutzeri YPL-M178(NTG)을 유전적으로 육종할 수 있었다. 길항종강변이주에 의한 F.solani의 생육억제기작도 모균주에서와 같이 고분자 물질인 chitinase를 주로 하는 외막가수분해효소에 의한 것으로 확인되었고, 균사신장억제율도 조사해 본 결과 조효소액 첨가 경우 24시간째에는 모균주 경우 87.1 정도인데 비해 거의 100의 생육억제율을 나타내는 강력한 생물반제균으로 유전적 육종을 할 수 있었다. 한편 변이주와 모균주의 효소에서도 그 최적반응 pH등 각종 효소학적 특성이 동일하였다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.403-406
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• 2009

Rev is an essential regulatory protein for HIV-1 replication. Rev (11-20) is known as the significant region regarding the function of a nuclear entry inhibitory signal (NIS) of Rev. In this study, anticandidal effects and mechanism of action of Rev (11-20) were investigated. The result exhibited that Rev (11-20) contained candidacidal activities. To understand target site(s) of Rev (11-20), the intracellular localization of the peptide was investigated. The result showed that Rev (11-20) rapidly accumulated in the fungal cell surface. The cell wall regeneration test also indicated that Rev (11-20) exerted its anticandidal activity to fungal plasma membrane rather than cell wall. The fluorescent study using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) further confirmed the membrane-disruption mechanism(s) of Rev (11-20). The present study suggests that Rev (11-20) possesses significant potential regarding therapeutic agents for treating fungal diseases caused by Candida species in humans.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1408-1414
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• 2015

화학농약의 오남용은 환경오염을 유발하고, 사람의 건강에 악영향을 미치므로 그 대안으로 미생물을 이용한 생물학적 방제에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 환경에서 안정성을 유지할 수 있는 생물방제균을 확보하기 위하여 잿빛곰팡이병균인 Botrytis cinerea의 생육을 억제할 수 있는 Bacillus 속 균주를 탐색한 후, 선정된 균주의 항진균 물질 생산을 위한 조건, 항진균 기작 및 물리화학적 안정성에 대하여 조사하였다. 가장 높은 항진균 활성을 가진 균주는 고추의 근권 토양에서 분리된 AF4 균주였으며, 표현형적 특성 및 16S rRNA 유전자 염기 서열에 근거하여 동정한 결과, Bacillus subtilis로 확인되었다. AF4 균주는 최적 탄소원으로 glycerol을, 최적 질소원으로 casein을 요구하였으며, 25-40℃ 및 pH 7-10에서 항진균 활성을 나타내었다. 최적조건에서 항진균 활성은 140±3 AU/ml로, 기본배지보다 활성이 증가했음을 알 수 있었다. AF4 균주는 B. cinereas 균사를 형태적으로 변화시킴으로써 항진균 효과를 나타내는 것으로 추정되었으며, 다양한 식물병원성 곰팡이의 생육을 억제할 수 있었다. 또한 AF4 균주가 생성하는 항진균 물질은 열, pH, 유기용매 및 단백질 분해효소 처리에도 항진균 활성을 유지하였으므로 대단히 안정한 물질인 것으로 판단되었다. 따라서 Bacillus subtilis AF4는 다양한 곰팡이유래 식물질병방제에 적용가능성이 높은 균주임을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.296-304
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• 1994

Antibiotic substances were produced by Bacillus subtilis YB-70, a potential biocontrol agent found to suppress root-rot of eggplant (Solanum melonggena L) caused by Fusarium solani, in a dextrose glutamate medium and isolated by isoelectric precipitation. Partial purification was performed by column chromatography on silica gel with two solvent systems: chloroform-methanol and methanol-chloroform-water as eluting solvents, This active fraction YBS-1 s contained antifungal activity were soluble in ethanol, methanol, and water, but were not soluble in other solvents including acetone, butanol, ethyl ether, dimethylformamide, propanol, and etc. High performance liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatographic separation of YBS-1s showed that they have been composed of three biological active bands that were named YBS-1A, -1B, and -1C. The substances were stable to heat and resistant to protease. YBS-1s were active against a wide range of plant pathogenic fungi but did not inhibit the growth of bacteria and yeasts. They were not only fungicidal but also fungistatic against chlamydospores of F. solani. The $ED_{50}$ values for the chlamydospore germination and the germ-tube growth of F. solani were $O.725\mu\textrm{m}/ml\;and\;O.562\mu\textrm{m}/ml$, respectively. Microscopic observations proved the substances restricted the growth of phytopathogenic fungus F. solani by spore burst followed by dissolving of its germ-tube, and caused abnormal hyphal swelling after application to chlamydospores or growing hyphae. Cultural filtrate of B; subtilis YB-70 also suppressed the development of root-rot of eggplant in pot tests.