• BMB Reports
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• 제51권12호
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• pp.630-635
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• 2018

C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2) is a small secreted protein that exhibits a structure similar to the proangiogenic subgroup of the CXC chemokine family. Recently, accumulating evidence suggests that chemokines play a pivotal role in cancer progression and carcinogenesis. We examined the expression levels of 7 types of $ELR^+$ CXCLs messenger RNA (mRNA) in 264 clinical samples. We found that CXCL2 expression was stably down-regulated in 94% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens compared with paired adjacent normal liver tissues and some HCC cell lines. Moreover, CXCL2 overexpression profoundly attenuated HCC cell proliferation and growth and induced apoptosis in vitro. In animal studies, we found that overexpressing CXCL2 by lentivirus also apparently inhibited the size and weight of subcutaneous tumours in nude mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CXCL2 induced HCC cell apoptosis via both nuclear and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. Our results indicate that CXCL2 negatively regulates the cell cycle in HCC cells via the ERK1/2 signalling pathway. These results provide new insights into HCC and may ultimately lead to the discovery of innovative therapeutic approaches of HCC.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.18-33
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to develop fashion cultural products that contain an example of cultural symbolism, which is based on the results of iconological analysis seen on imaginary animals. The method of research was to derive design ideas through a verbal association method, using the technique of mind map as based on the iconological analysis results. In the scarf design, four auspicious animals were used as the main motifs, and the background elements that appeared with each folk painting were used as sub-motifs for each of the four animals. In this case, the Yong was expressed with an image of clouds and flames as sub-motifs, and was strongly represented by the presence of a contrast color combination. In what follows, the Bonghwang was used with the sun and feathers in a stable structure due to its four-way arrangement, and was expressed with its soft light tone. The Shingoo was used with blue and khaki colors of dull and deep tone, and the image of aquatic plants and lotus were used. Finally, with the Kirin was represented by a symmetrical structure as characterized with a dull toned color and square border that provides a sense of stability. The clutch bags were as generally expressed using simple animal motifs, and were composed of a uniform motif and color. The design process used the Illustrator CS6 to perform motifs design. In the end, the process finally developed the actual product of eight scarves and four clutch handbags.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2001년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.19-19
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• 2001

Mammalian urothelium undergoes unique membrane specialization by making the asymmetric unit membrane (AUM) that is covered with the apical cell surface during terminal differentiation. The AUM contains several major integral membrane proteins including uroplakin Ia, Ib, II and III. The genes for uroplakins have been cloned from humans and mice, but not from porcine. In this study, we report the cloning of the UPII genomic DNA, which codes for the full length open reading frame for the uroplakin II protein. The deduced amino acid sequence encodes of a hydrophobic NH$_2$-terminal peptide, a prosequence, and a mature protein. The prosequence contains three potential N-glycosylation sites and a RGRR cleavage site that may be involved in uroplakin II processing and maturation. Northern and immunohistochemistry analyses showed that the porcine UPII gene is only expressed in urothelium and that the protein was specifically localized in urothelial superficial cells. A 2kb of upstream in the promoter sequence contains multiple transcription factor binding sites, including GC-box, SPI, AP2, and GATA-box sites, but not for TATA or CAAT-box sequences. Comparison of the porcine UPII promoter sequence with that of the murine by MEME system presented two conserved motifs, suggesting a cis-acting regulatory role for the conserved sequences. Sequence homology between two species in motif A and B was 79% and 80% respectively, although their relative locations were different. During the gestation, mouse bladder at estrus stages and day 10 after parturition showed higher UPII expression, while showed lower expression at peri-implantation stage. Taken together, our results showed that the porcine UPII gene was expressed highly and specifically in the bladder urothelium and that steroid hormones for implantation changed the expression of UPII in the bladder, although the biological significance of UPII remains to be not determined.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권11호
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• pp.909-920
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• 2020

Cytosolic Ca²⁺ levels ([Ca²⁺]_c) change dynamically in response to inducers, repressors, and physiological conditions, and aberrant [Ca²⁺]_c concentration regulation is associated with cancer, heart failure, and diabetes. Therefore, [Ca²⁺]_c is considered as a good indicator of physiological and pathological cellular responses, and is a crucial biomarker for drug discovery. A genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI) was recently developed to measure [Ca²⁺]_c in single cells and animal models. GECI have some advantages over chemically synthesized indicators, although they also have some drawbacks such as poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), low positive signal, delayed response, artifactual responses due to protein overexpression, and expensive detection equipment. Here, we developed an indicator based on interactions between Ca²⁺-loaded calmodulin and target proteins, and generated an innovative GECI sensor using split nano-luciferase (Nluc) fragments to detect changes in [Ca²⁺]_c. Stimulation-dependent luciferase activities were optimized by combining large and small subunits of Nluc binary technology (NanoBiT, LgBiT:SmBiT) fusion proteins and regulating the receptor expression levels. We constructed the binary [Ca²⁺]_c sensors using a multicistronic expression system in a single vector linked via the internal ribosome entry site (IRES), and examined the detection efficiencies. Promoter optimization studies indicated that promoter-dependent protein expression levels were crucial to optimize SNR and sensitivity. This novel [Ca²⁺]_c assay has high SNR and sensitivity, is easy to use, suitable for high-throughput assays, and may be useful to detect [Ca²⁺]_c in single cells and animal models.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1107-1112
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• 2009

The separation of X and Y chromosome-bearing sperm is of use in many aspects of livestock maintenance. In this study, we sought to determine the difference in DNA content between X- and Y-bearing sperm, separate sperm into X- and Y-enriched pools, and assess the efficacy of sorting. Sperm collected from Duroc and miniature pigs were stained with 20.8 $\mu{M}$ Hoechst 33342 and analyzed using a high-speed cell sorter. Measurement of the fluorescence intensity of stained sperm nuclei revealed that the X-bearing sperm of Duroc and miniature pigs respectively contain 2.75% and 2.88% more DNA than Y-bearing sperm. In total, 50.18% of the sperm were assigned to the X-sorted sample and 49.82% was assigned to the Y-sorted sample for Duroc pigs. For miniature pigs, the Xsorted sample represented 50.19% of the population and the Y-sorted represented 49.81% of the population. Duplex PCR was used to evaluate accuracy of sorting. A fast and reliable method for porcine sexing was developed through amplification of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome gene (SRY). Oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify the conserved porcine SRY high motility group (HMG) box sequence motif. We found that the primer pair designed in this study was 1.46 times more specific than previously reported primers. Thus, this study shows that the present method can be applied in porcine breeding programs to facilitate manipulation of the sex ratio of offspring and to achieve precise sexing of porcine offspring by amplification of the HMG box of the SRY gene.

• 고전문학과교육
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• 제38호
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• pp.201-238
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• 2018

다양한 문화의 시대에 필요한 상호문화능력을 신장하기 위한 방법으로 마달레나 드 카를로 (De Carlo, Maddalena)의 구술성에 주목하여, 한국에 거주하는 이주민이 구술한 설화 자료를 바탕으로 '상징적 표상'이 생성하는 '다양한 가치'를 바탕으로 상대적 감각을 키워낼 수 있는 교육요소와 교육내용을 구체적으로 제시했다. 카를로의 이론을 바탕으로 다양한 문화와 접속하고 공감하고 소통하는 데, 한국에서 구술된 이주민 설화가 기여할 수 있는 방법 중에 하나로 서사적 화두를 통한 문화적 감응력의 확장을 교육요소로 논했다. 이를 6단계로 체계화했다. 1단계 이주민 구술 설화 자료 듣기, 2단계 기억에 각인되는 이질적 화소 찾기, 3단계 이질적 화소로 상징된 대립자질의 의미 파악하기, 4단계 핵심화소가 들어간 서사적 화두 생성하기, 5단계 서사적 화두로 상징적 표상이 내포하는 가치 생성하기, 6단계 삶의 가치를 문화적 상징으로 확장하기다. 3장에서는 이 6단계로 이주민 설화의 교육내용을 적용했다. 수업은 상호문화에서 동질적 결합에 대한 욕망의 한계를 인지하고, 이질성으로 인한 소통의 장벽을 허무는 것과 표면과 이면의 사유를 통해 이질적인 것과 어떻게 관계를 생성할 수 있을지를 생각해 보는 내용으로 구성했다. 인도네시아 설화인 <뒤집어진 배산과 엄마산>은 한국설화는 아니지만 전 세계적으로 많이 알려진 <오이디푸스>신화로 비교하면서 '뒤집어진 배산'이라는 이질적인 화소가 지니는 상징적 표상이 무엇인가를 풀어냈다. 이때 6단계 상징체계를 문화적으로 확장해 갈 때, '뒤집어진 배'에 나타나는 근친상간의 욕망을 문화적으로 동질적인 것과의 결합을 추구하다 생긴 고착으로 해석해 보았다. 캄보디아 설화인 <소녀와 호랑이>는 한국의 <혹부리 영감>과 같은 모방담구조의 이야기인데, '호랑이'라는 화소를 보통 인간과 다른 동물성으로 상징되는 이질적 존재와 어떻게 관계를 맺을지를 문화적으로 확장해서 상호문화능력을 신장할 서사적 화두를 생성하였다. 베트남 설화인 <코코넛 바가지>는 한국의 <구렁덩덩신선비> 등과 비슷하게 표면과 이면에 대한 다양한 사유를 이끌어내는 설화로 이질적인 타인과 어떻게 관계를 형성해야하며, 그렇게 형성된 관계가 삶에 어떤 성장을 가지고 오게 하는가를 살펴보게 하는 방향의 해석이다. 설화의 핵심화소가 형성하는 대립자질로 서사적 화두를 생성하고 감응한다면, 이주민 설화로 낯설고 이질적인 문화와 관계를 형성하며 새로운 삶의 가능성으로 자신을 구성해 갈 수 있을 것으로 해석하였다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.252-271
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• 2022

십이지신상이 표현된 능묘는 신라 후기의 대표적인 무덤 양식이다. 하지만 내부 매장시설에 대한 조사나 출토유물을 확인할 수 없다는 점에서 이 능묘는 근본적인 연구에 한계를 가진다. 그럼에도 불구하고 기존 연구에서는 능묘에 표현된 가시적인 특징을 토대로 십이지신상의 조각수법의 변화나 표현기법의 변화, 그리고 외부호석 및 난간석을 별개의 조건으로 다루어 연구를 진행해왔다. 외부호석 및 난간석을 별개의 조건으로 다룬 것은 다른 제속성들과 정합되지 않기 때문이다. 본 글에서는 기존 연구의 제속성을 다시 분석하여 십이지신상에 표현된 기법의 변화가 능역 구성요소의 변화와 부합되는가를 확인하였다. 제속성의 특징은 첫째, 호석의 갑석과 지대석의 치석방법의 차이와 면석의 이격 칸수는 1단(무단) 치석에서 2단, 3단의 순으로 양의 상관관계를 보인다. 둘째, 십이지신상의 지물은 방망이, 창, 낫형지물, 봉, 삼지창 등으로 배열되며 연속성을 띤다. 또한 석상의 지물은 십이지신상에서 사라진 이후에 석인상에 표현된다. 셋째, 십이지신상은 조각수법에 따라 곡면각과 평면각으로 크게 구분되고, 세부적으로 두향과 복장은 화면비율에 따라 시간성을 갖는다. 넷째, 상석의 안상형태는 돌기의 수가 9개에서 5개, 3개 등으로 줄어들고, 보주형의 중앙돌기에서 돌기의 높이가 낮아져 편평한 형태로 변화한다. 이들 각 제속성들의 상관관계를 살피면 정합되는 특징을 보인다. 이를 토대로 신라 후기 십이지신상의 능묘는 5단계로 변화함을 확인하였다. 왕릉의 입지 또한 서악동고분군과 전선덕여왕릉처럼 초기에는 구릉 능선에서 원성왕릉 단계에는 산기슭으로, 나아가 전 헌덕왕릉에서는 평지 순으로의 변화를 보인다. 더불어 능묘의 상대순서에 대해 다시 한 번 재고해 볼 필요가 있음을 인지하였다. 이 능묘에 대한 근본적인 연구의 한계는 다양한 가능성을 열어두기 때문이다. 결국, 전 진덕왕릉과 구정동방형분은 원성왕릉보다 이른 왕릉일 가능성이 있다. 아울러 신라 후기 십이지신상의 능묘는 능과 석상, 배례공간, 신도, 능비가 조합된 완성형 능역구조를 갖추며 고려와 조선왕릉에 기본 모티브가 되는 것으로 이해된다.

• 대한방사성의약품학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.118-122
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• 2016

Integrin ${\alpha}_v{\beta}_3$ plays an important role in the tumor metastases and angiogenesis. Arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptide motif binds to the integrin ${\alpha}_v{\beta}_3$. General $^{68}Ga$-labeled cyclic RGD peptides was rapidly eliminated from the circulatory system by renal excretion because of its hydrophilic property. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel $^{68}Ga$-labeled cyclic RGD peptides, which could acquire enhanced PET tumor images with improved pharmacokinetics by adopting biphenyl group between chelator and RGD peptides. $^{68}Ga$-DOTA-2P-c(RGDyK) was demonstrated a 12% higher lipophilicity level than $^{68}Ga$-DOTA-c(RGDyK) as a reference compound. In the animal PET, $^{68}Ga$-DOTA-2P-c(RGDyK) represented relatively lower blood-clearance, and an increased signal to noise ratio compared to $^{68}Ga$-DOTA-c(RGDyK). From these perspective, $^{68}Ga$-DOTA-2P-c(RGDyK) could be a good candidate for in integrin ${\alpha}_v{\beta}_3$-expressed tumor imaging.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2016

본 연구의 목적은 가난을 모티프로 다루고 있는 전래동화 그림책의 텍스트 분석을 통해 현 시대의 인성 교육적 가능성을 찾고 그 교육적 함축을 논의하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 연구자 3인은 가난을 주요 소재로 다루고 있는 전래동화 그림책 7권을 분석대상으로 하여 그 공통된 서사구조 속에서 가난과 재물의 문학적 역할을 도출한 후 그 인성 교육적 함의를 이끌어내었다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저 주인공의 가난이 개인적인 게으름 같은 부정적인 성품보다는 주로 선한 성품과 관련되어지면서 긍정적인 가치를 형성했다. 둘째로, 신적인 조력자나 동물 조력자들이 비현실적 방식으로 선인에게 재물을 제공함으로 성품에 대한 보상의 의미를 강조하였다. 셋째, 선인에 뒤이어 악인들의 악한 성품이 부각되는데 주로 재물에 대한 탐욕이 증거로 나타났다. 악인 대부분은 그 악한 동기가 드러나 처벌을 받게 되며 선인과의 이항대립 구조 때문에 권선징악의 교훈을 뚜렷이 드러나게 한다. 넷째, 대부분의 가난 모티프를 가진 전래동화는 각 인물이 가진 성품에 기초하여 처벌을 받거나 보상을 받았다. 그러한 보상이 재물로 주어짐으로써 재물 소유 자체는 축복임을 드러냈다. 이러한 발견을 토대로 인성 교육적 함의가 논의되었다.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제39권
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• pp.241-286
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• 2015

This study explores how folktales' motifs are used in diverse cultural contents such as literature, movies, or comics. More precisely, it is concerned with mysterious characters like Babayaga and Koshchei who appear in Russian fairytales. When the motifs of the reviewed literature are analyzed, the following three criteria are used for classification: New Writing, Rewriting, and New Version. Or course, it is New Writing that is far from the original work. Most of the collected works, including Joan Aiken's The Kingdom Under the Sea, Patricia Polacco's Babushka's Doll, Babushka Baba Yaga, and Tai?-Marc Le Thanh's BABAYAGA, belong to New Writing. The New Writing type mainly focuses on Babayaga's secluded life. In fairytales, Babayaga is depicted as the goddess of Mother Earth, the heroine of the Nature, or the ruler of the Animal Kingdom. That is why she lives in the deep and uninhabited wood. She is related to the Coming of Age ceremony. Her 'Hut on hen's legs' is an obstacle for immature protagonists to face before they come of age. Protagonists are supposed to solve the problems posed by Babayaga. If they succeed, they can get her magical help so as to complete their final mission. Babayaga is likely to appear as their antagonist. Protagonist may be subjected to a terrible ordeal created by Babayaga, and then come of age by recovering from that ordeal. Sometimes, Babayaga helps protagonists to get a grip on reality. That is why she lives in a hut in the deep and dark forest which is on the borderline between life and death. On the other hand, Marianna Mayer's Baba Yaga and Vasilisa the Brave has been classified as a controversial work between New Writing and Rewriting. It is apparently closer to New Version. However, it cannot be classified as a work of New Version because the author incorporates 'probability' into her work. Among the reviewed works, it is Korean Writer Rye, Kami's The Spider Woman's House that best reflects the essence of Babayaga. Babayaga and other characters are amusing in movies because most of the movies are animations for children. In one sense, it is positive that the scary characters in folktales are approachable to children. In other sense, however, it is regrettable that symbolic motifs are completely eliminated. In Mike Mignola's Hellboy, Japanese animations such as Index or Narutaru, on-line games such as Cabal or Vampire: The masquerade, the essence of the supernatural characters in folktales is completely eliminated, and only their 'belligerent power' stands out. It is desirable to put stories into perspective whether they are written or told. The literature property of folktales provides a special opportunity to readers. In this light, a variety of motifs have a good reason to be reborn as modern cultural contents. The bottom line is to maintain its true nature.