• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 1999

The present study was conducted to investigate the incidence of pneumonic lesions with special regard to enzootic pneumonia and the microbiology of pneumoic lungs from 544 slaughter pigs during the period from October 1995 to September 1996. The incidence of enzootic pneumonic lesion was 76.3% (41s/s44) and pleurisy was detected from 7.9% of slaughter pigs. Seasonal prevalence of pneumonic lesions in slaughter pigs were in order of prevalence of 82.9% in spring, 76.8% in winter, 74.8% in autumn and 69.0% in summer, respectively. Pasteurella multocida, Streptococcus sp, Str suis, Corynebacterium sp, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Hemophilus parasuis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were detected in order of prevalence from 16.9%, 15.9%, 7.5%, 6.0%, 1.4%, 1.0% and 0.5% of 415 pneumonic lungs, respectively. P multocida were susceptible to oxytetracycline, polymyxin-B, streptomycin, and vancomycin, while the majority of them were resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, kanamycin, and penicillin-G. Str suis were susceptible to amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, penicillin-G, although the majority of them were resistant to erythromycin, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, vancomycin. A pleuropneumoniae were susceptible to ampicillin, and cephalothin, but the majority of them were resistant to oxytetracycline.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.132-136
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• 2013

Antimicrobial resistance and multi-drug resistance patterns have been carried out on total of 210 isolated of Salmonella spp. and pathogenic E. coli isolated from food poisoning patients on January through December 2012 in Incheon, Korea. The highest percentage of antibiotics resistance was found to the following antimicrobial agents: tetracycline 43.8%, ampicillin 34.8%, nalidixic acid 23.8%, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and chloramphenicol 12.4%, and ampicillin/sulbactam 11.4%. The highest percentage of resistance was 37.5% to ampicillin for Salmonella spp. and 59.0% to tetracycline for pathogenic E. coli. Overall the multidrug resistance rates of 1 drug was 26.2%, 2 drugs 9.0%, 3 drugs 9.5%, 4 drugs 7.1%, and 5 or more drugs 12.46%. The multi-drug (MDR) strains to four or more antimicrobial agents among the resistant organisms were quite high: 15.9% and 22.1% for Salmonella spp. and pathogenic E. coli, respectively. The study implies that limitation of unnecessary medication use is pertinent in order to maintaining the efficacy of drugs.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.207-210
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• 2007

The study was designed to determine the estrogenic effect of some penicillins on endocrine function in adult Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Vitellogenin (Vtg) produced in male fish has been used for a biomarker to study endocrine disrupters. $17\beta-estradiol\;(E_2)$ was used a positive control that was induced Vtg in male fish. Result of total protein qantification and ELISA for female and male fish were exposed to $17\beta-estradiol$ 10ng/ml for $3\sim5$ days. As a result, male fish exposed to amoxicillin respectively appeared 0.75, 0.23, 8.21 and $9.36\%_{\circ}$ of 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ppm respectively, that value was elevated compared with control male fish. Male fish exposed to ampicillin respectively appeared 1.85, 4.68, 0.85 and $39.59\%_{\circ}$ of 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ppm respectively, that value was elevated compared with control male fish. This study is one of the first reports suggesting potential endocrine disruption of some penicillins in aquatic ecosystem. These results suggest that vitellogenin and estrogen receptor induction patterns alter in male medaka treated with selected estrogenic compounds, and that these results may be useful molecular biomarkers for screening estrogenic EDCs (endocrine-disrupting chemicals) in the shortest possible time.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.153-163
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• 2000

This study was carried out the antimicrobial resistance of staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitic milk, chickens, korean native cattle, korean native goats, pigs, dog and mice in northern area of kyongbuk. The result were summarised as follows ; A total of 149 S aureus were isolated from bovine mastitic milk, chickens, korean native cattle, korean native goats, pigs, dog and mice. In 80 isolates of S aureus from bovine mastitic milk, 60% of isolates revealed resistance to penicillin and ampicillin, 19% to gentamicin, 6% to tetracycline. In 36 isolates of S aureus from chickens, 72% of isolates revealed resistance to tetracycline, 58% to penicillin and ampicillin, 42% to streptomycin, 31% to lincomycin, 25% to norfloxacin, 22% to gentamicin. In 17 isolates of S aureus from korean native cattle, 100% of isolates revealed resistance to penicillin and ampicillin, 88% to lincomycin, 76% to tetracycline. 2 MRSA were isolated from the isolates of S aureus from bovine mastitic milk and revealed multi-drug resistance.

• Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.148-156
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• 2018

Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) may cause diarrhea and enterotoxemia in adult and young livestock, leading to problems in the production and management of farms. Four hundred fecal samples were collected from 25 goat farms located in Gyeongsangbuk-do Province in the Republic of Korea. Sixteen C. perfringens strains were isolates from fecal samples, and the isolates were identified as type A (n=11) and type D (n=5). Additionally, ${\alpha}$- and ${\varepsilon}$-toxin genes were detected in 16 and 5 strains by PCR, respectively, and the enterotoxin gene was presented in 2 strains. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the disk diffusion method and E-test method. In the disk diffusion method, ampicillin (n=16) and chloramphenicol (n=15) were highly susceptible to 16 C. perfringens isolates. In the E-test method, ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and meropenem were susceptible to more than 14 of 16 C. perfringens isolates. This study indicates that administration of antibiotics such as ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and meropenem can prevent and treat C. perfringens infections in goats.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.440-443
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• 2015

The widespread emergence of antibiotic resistant microorganisms in clinics and natural environments has attracted public concern. Especially, microorganisms inhabiting natural environment is considered as a source responsible for increasing the abundance of antibiotic resistant genes in ecosystem. In this study, the diversity of culturable bacteria resistant to ampicillin was investigated with water samples collected from seven locations in Korea. The genera belonging to Aeromonas and Acidovorax were dominant among the isolated 498 strains. The 66% of isolates showed multi-drug resistance against more than six antibiotics among tested fourteen ones and isolates resistant to seven antibiotics were the most prevalent with 19.7% abundance. Using the antibiotics susceptibility results, the intrinsic resistance profile was suggested for the most dominant genera, Aeromonas, Acidovorax, Pseudomonas, and Elizabethkingia.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.326-333
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• 2010

A total of 105 nontyphoid Salmonella isolated from infants in Seoul from 2003 to 2009 was investigated for their serotype, antimicrobial resistance, characterization of integron, and the patterns of Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Eighteen serotypes were detected in 105 isolates, and the two most common serotypes were S. Enteritidis (47.6%) and Montevideo (15.2%). Among the Salmonella serovars, a high level of antimicrobial resistance was found to ampicilin (60%), tetracycline (46.7%), streptomycin (35.2%) and nalidixic acid (28.6%). In the multi-drug resistance patterns, the predominant patterns were only nalidixic acid (15.7%), ampicillin-ampicillin/sulbactam-tetracycline (14.5%), and ampicillin-streptomycin-chloramphenicol-tetracycline (10.8%). PCR and DNA sequencing analysis revealed the presence of class 1 integron in 20 isolates (19%). Of the class 1 integron positive isolates 20% harboured the integron-associated gene cassettes : aadA2, blaP1, dfr17-aadA5, dfrA12-aadA2, and aadA7. PFGE was carried out to examine the genetic relatedness among S. Enteritidis isolates. Except for three strains, fifty strains were divided by three pulsotypes.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.477-484
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to verify the antimicrobial effect of garlic and black garlic against pathogenic bacteria. For the comparative analysis of antibacterial effects of garlic, Ampicillin $10{\mu}g$ (BBL) was used as control antibiotics. Research experiments were conducted on each of November 2013 and January 2014. Susceptibility to the antimicrobial effect was measured through Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and verified according to the standard proposed by the CLSI. Antimicrobial effect of fresh garlic was higher regardless of the method to extract than Ampicillin $10{\mu}g$. In contrast, the manufacturing methods of the black garlic had no effective differentiations. In antimicrobial susceptibility test, black garlic showed resistance to all of 4 strains. However, in the ethanol-extract of fermented black garlic(natural aging of 15 days.) was found the small changes of the growth-inhibition-zone against S. aureus (8 mm)and E. coli(7 mm). This study proposes a variety attempts about the extraction methods of black garlic for the possibility of food preservation.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.19-32
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• 1980

Besides the benefits of antimicrobial agents in the control of various infectious diseases, widespread and prolonged use of particular antimicrobial agents has brought about the increase of drug-resistant strains in a community and the profound changes in the pattern of infectious diseases. In Korea, there are some remote villages where no clinics and drug stores are available and the residents in those areas are assumed to have fewer chances to contact with antimicrobial agents. In the present study, the differences in susceptibilities to 14 antimicrobial agents between the isolates from rural areas(R) and Seoul National University Hospital(SNUH, H) were studied. The isolates and their numbers were Staphylococcus aureus, R;55, H;68), Enterococci(R;28, H;30), Escherichia coli(R;40, H;40), Enterobacter aerogenes(R;25, H;21) and Klebsiella pneunoniae(R;58, H;67). Minimal inhibitory concentrations(MIC's) of penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalexin, tetracycline, oxytetracyline, doxycycline, minocycline, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, erythromycin, troleandomycin and co-trimoxazole were determined by agar dilution method. I. Comparison of MIC's and resistant strain proportions between isolates from SNUH and rural areas. MIC's and/or resistant strain proportions of the isolates from SNUH were significantly higher than those of the isolates from rural areas in the cases of 1. S. aureus to doxycycline, streptomycin and kanamycin. 2. E. coli to penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, streptomycin, kanamycin, erythromycin and co-trimoxazole. 3. E. aerogences to carbenicillin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, streptomycin, kanamycin, genaamicin and co-trimoxazole. 4. K pneunoniae to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, monocycline, streptomycin, kanamycine, gentamicin and co-trimoxazole. However, the mean MIC and resistant strain proportion of S. aureus to tetracycline were higher in isolates from rural areas than in those from SNUH and Enterococci showed no differences in susceptibilities to the antimicrobial agents between isolates from rural areas and from SNUH. Therefore, in general, differenes in susceptibility to these antimicrobial agents between the isolates from rural areas and SNUH were remarkably greater and broader in gram negative enteric bacteria. II. Multiple drug resistance pattern. Patterns and incidences of multiple drug resistance were studied with penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, cephalexin, gentamicin, streptomcin, kanamycin and co-trimoxazole in Enterococci, E. coli, E. aeroges and K. pneumoniae. There appeared significant differences in the incidence of multiply drug-resistant strains and multiple drug resistance patterns between the isolates from SNUH and rural areas in Enterococci, E. coli, E. aerogenes and K. pneumoniae. However, there was no difference in the incidence of multiply drug-resistant strains between isolates of S. aureus from SNUH and rural areas but the pattern of multiple resistance of the SNUH strains of S. aureus was diverse, while that of the rural strains was predominantly confined to penicillin-tetracycline combination. The incidence of multigly drug-resistant strains and diversity of their patterns were the highest in E. coli strains isolated from SNUH and there were no multiply drug resistant strrains in Enterococci and K. pneumoniae strains isolated from rural areas. The number of drug-resistance determinants was also different between the isolates from rural areas and SNUH. Most of the multiply drug-resistant strains of E. coli, E. aerogenes and K. pneumoniae isolated from SNUH were resistant to more than 3 kinds of antimicrobial agents, most frequently to ampicillin, tetracycline and streptomycin, while multiply drug-resistant strains from rural areas were resistant to 2 kinds of antimicrobial agents among ampicillin, tetracycline and streptomycin. With drug-resistant E. coli strains, resistance to tetracycline which was used most widely since 1951 was most frequently involved as a part of mutliple drug-resistance, followed by resistance to ampicillin and streptomycin. This strongly suggests that emergence of drug-restant strains in a community is directly dependent on the selective pressure exerted by the antimicrobial agent used. III. Cross resistance. Cross resistance of bacteria was studied among tetracycline penicillin, aminoglycoside and macrolide derivatives by analyzing correlation coefficients of sucseptibilities using the least square method. In this study, there were high correlations among the susceptibilities to related derivatives. It appears that the relatively low correlations in susceptibilities present in some cases are due to intrinsic resistance of E. aerogenes to penicillin, Enterococci to aminoglycoside and E. coli E. aerogenes and K. pneumoniae to macrolide derivatives.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.760-765
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• 2005

Purpose : We studied the changes in antibiotic sensitivity to the causative organisms of urinary tract infection(UTI), in order to provide useful information on the choice of adequate drugs in the treatment of UTI. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the major causative organisms and their antibiotic sensitivities in 69 patients diagnosed with UTI in the Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Cheil Hospital from 2002 to 2003. Results : The frequency of UTI was the highest in infants younger than 1 year of age(88.4 percent). The male to female ratio was 3.05 : 1. Escherichia coli was the most frequent organism(78.3 percent), followed by Klebsiella(11.6 percent), Pseudomonas(2.9 percent), Proteus(2.9 percent), Enterobacter, Morganelle, and Enterococcus(1.4 percent) in descending order. Antibiotic sensitivity of gram negative organisms was above 90 percent against imipenem, amikacin, 80 percent against aztreonam, cefepime, ceftriaxone, 50-70 percent against gentamicin, trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), and 23 percent against ampicillin(23.4 percent). Conclusion : Antibiotict sensitivity of gram negative organisms was high to amikacin and third generation cephalosporins but low to ampicillin, gentamicin and TMP/SMX. The use of ampicillin or TMP/SMX, as the first choice of the empiric and prophylactic treatment for UTI, should be reconsidered and investigated further.