• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.413-420
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• 2005

We previously demonstrated the ability of ginseng saponins (active ingredients of Panax ginseng) to enhance $Ca^{2+}$-activated $Cl^{-}$ current. The mechanism for this ginseng saponin-induced enhancement was proposed to be the release of $Ca^{2+}$ from $IP_{3}-sensitive$ intracellular stores through the activation of PTX-insensitive $G\alpha_{q/11}$ proteins and PLC pathway. Recent studies have shown that calmodulin (CaM) regulates $IP_{3}$ receptor-mediated $Ca^{2+}$ release in both $Ca^{2+}-dependent$ and -independent manner. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of CaM on ginseng saponin-induced $Ca^{2+}$-activated $Cl^{-}$ current responses in Xenopus oocytes. Intraoocyte injection of CaM inhibited ginseng saponin-induced $Ca^{2+}$-activated $Cl^{-}$ current enhancement, whereas co-injection of calmidazolium, a CaM antagonist, with CaM blocked CaM action. The inhibitory effect of CaM on ginseng saponin-induced $Ca^{2+}$-activated $Cl^{-}$ current enhancement was dose- and time-dependent, with an $IC_{50} of 14.9\pm3.5 {\mu}M$. The inhibitory effect of CaM on saponin's activity was maximal after 6 h of intraoocyte injection of CaM, and after 48 h the activity of saponin recovered to control level. The half-recovery time was calculated to be $16.7\pm4.3 h$. Intraoocyte injection of CaM inhibited $Ca^{2+}$-induced $Ca^{2+}$-activated $Cl^{-}$ current enhancement and also attenuated $IP_{3}$-induced $Ca^{2+}$-activated $Cl^{-}$ current enhancement. $Ca^{2+}$/CaM kinase II inhibitor did not inhibit CaM-caused attenuation of ginseng saponin-induced $Ca^{2+}$-activated $Cl^{-}$ current enhancement. These results suggest that CaM regulates ginseng saponin effect on $Ca^{2+}$-activated $Cl^{-}$ current enhancement via $Ca^{2+}$-independent manner.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.215-222
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• 1998

The radon (Rn-222) potential of metropolitan subway stations and soils in Seoul city were delineated using alpha-track filter and EDA-200 radon detectors, respectively. The uranium (U) and thorium (Th) contents were also determined using a Multi Channel Analyzer to identify the sources of radon gas. The average U concentrations in Seoul varies according to basement rock types. For example, there is $9.40{\pm}10.11ppm$ in the Precambrian metasedimentary rock (PM), $9.08{\pm}2.85ppm$ in the Jurassic Kwanaksan granite (JK) and $4.94{\pm}1.43ppm$ in the Jurassic Seoul granite (JS). Uranium contents in soil samples are $10.30{\pm}4.74ppm$ in JK, $10.10{\pm}7.43ppm$ in PM and $6.69{\pm}3.95ppm$ in JS and these closely reflect the content of uraniferous minerals. The levels of soil radon are $604{\pm}273pCi/L$ in JK, $502{\pm}275$ in JS and $262{\pm}211pCi/L$ in PM. The soil radon concentrations are shown to reflect soil permeability and porosity rather than their U contents. The mean indoor radon contents in subway stations are $1.50{\pm}0.62pCi/L$ on the 4th line, $1.41{\pm}0.95pCi/L$ on the 3rd line, $0.84{\pm}0.13pCi/L$ on the 1st line and $0.80{\pm}0.25pCi/L$ on the 2nd line. The subway stations located in the JK have the highest average radon concentration with $2.04{\pm}0.65pCi/L$, where levels of $1.57{\pm}0.81pCi/L$ occur in the JS and $0.80{\pm}0.23pCi/L$ in the PM. The highest radon levels of 4.1 pCi/L occur mainly in Keongbokkung station on the 3rd line and these exceed 4 pCi/L of the US EPA action level.

• 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.289-299
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• 2020

본 연구의 목적은 마음챙김 기반 마음교양강좌를 적용한 후 마음교양강좌가 여대생의 지각된 스트레스, 마음챙김, 심리적 안녕감 및 뇌파에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 진행하였다. 이를 위해 마음챙김 기반 마음교양강좌를 수강하는 42명의 여대생을 단일군으로 선정하여 8주 동안 주 1회, 회당 50분씩 마음공감 프로그램을 중재로 적용하였다. 중재 전 지각된 스트레스, 마음챙김, 심리적 안녕감 설문지 조사 및 뇌파를 측정하였고, 8주 중재 후 재평가를 실시하였다. 그 결과 지각된 스트레스는 중재 전 1.85점에서 중재 후 1.66점으로 유의하게 감소하였다(t=3.44, p=.001). 마음챙김의 변화는 중재 전 3.10점에서 중재 후 3.19점으로 유의하게 증가하였고(t=-2.78, p=.008), 하위 영역별 분석결과 기술 영역에서 유의하게 증가하였다(t=-3.66, p=.001). 심리적 안녕감의 변화는 중재 전후에 유의한 차이는 없었지만 하위 영역별 분석결과 자율성에서 유의한 차이가 있었다(t=-2.70, p=.010). 또한 뇌파 검사에서는 상대세타파 중 19번 채널, 상대빠른알파파 중 7, 10 채널에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 본 연구결과를 토대로 마음챙김기반 교육과정 개선, 교수법 다양화, 교육환경개선 등을 통한 추가 연구를 제언한다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of present study was to investigate the vasorelaxant activities and mechanisms of action of the ethanol extract of P. yedoensis leaf (PYL) on isolated rat aortic rings. Methods : Dried P. yedoensis leaves were extracted 3 times with 100% ethanol for 3 h in a reflux apparatus. Isolated rat aortic rings were suspended in organ chambers containing 10 ml Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution. The rings were maintained at $37^{\circ}C$ and aerated with a mixture of 95% $O_2$ and 5% $CO_2$. Changes in their tension were recorded via isometric transducers connected to a data acquisition system. Results : PYL relaxed the contraction of aortic rings induced by phenylephrine (PE, 1 ${\mu}M$) or KCl (60 mM) in a concentration dependent manner. However, the vasorelaxant effects of PYL on endothelium-denuded aortic rings were lower than endothelium-intact aortic rings. And the vasorelaxant effects of PYL on endothelium-intact aortic rings were reduced by pre-treatment with $N{\omega}$-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10 ${\mu}M$), methylene blue (10 ${\mu}M$), 1-H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazolo-[4,3-${\alpha}$]-quinoxalin-1-one (10 ${\mu}M$), tetraethylammonium (5 mM). In addition, PYL inhibited the contraction induced by extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ in endothelium-denuded aortic rings pre-contracted by PE or KCl in $Ca^{2+}$-free K-H solution. Conclusions : These results suggest that PYL exerts its vasorelaxant effects via the activation of Nitric Oxide (NO) formation by means of L-arginine and NO-cGMP pathways and via the blockage of receptor operated calcium channels, voltage dependent calcium channels and calcium-activated potassium channels.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.263-274
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• 1993

$K^+$통로는 기도 평활근 세포에 존재하며 이들 통로가 활성화되면 평활근의 과분극의 결과 이완작용이 나타난다. $K^+$통로의 이런 효과는 과민반응과 천식 치료에 응용될 수 있으므로 우리는 $K^+$통로 개방제인 cromakalim (BRL34915, CK)이 $IgG_1$ 항체로 감작시킨 기도 및 폐조직으로 부터 유리되는 매개체 유리에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 피동적으로 감작된 두 조직은 $2{\times}10^{-6}\;M$의 CK로 30분동안 superfusion시킨 후 CK와 항원 (Ox-HSA) 0.1 mg/ml로 자극하였다. 또한 비만세포를 이용하여 CK의 효과를 조사하였다. 해명 폐조직 비만세포는 효소에 의한 digestion method (monodispersed; 미분리 정제), count current elutriation에 의한 방법(partially purified; 부분분리정제), 그리고 discontinuous Percoll방법(highly purified; 순수분리정제)에 의해 순수 분리되었다. CK로 전처치한후, 피동적으로 감작된 비만세포는 OA와 CaI의 여러 농도에 의해 자극되었다. 유리된 Hist은 spectrophotofluorometry에 의해, LT는 면역방사법에 의해 측정되었다. CK 전처치는 $IgG_1$ 감작후 항원에 의해 자극된 기도 조직에서 Hist 유리량을 35%까지, LT 유리량은 40%까지 감소시켰으나 기도 평활근 수축력에는 반응을 나타내지 못하였다. 항원 유도 폐조직에 있어서 CK전처치는 Hist유리량을 25%까지 감소시켰으나 LT 유리에는 미약한 감소를 나타내었다. 해명의 미분리정제, 부분분리정제, 그리고 순수 분리 정제된 비만세포로부터 Hist과 LT은 면역자극(OA)이나 비면역자극(CaI)에 의해 농도 의존적으로 유리되었다. 비만세포에서 유리된 LT는 5-lipoxygenase억제제인 A64077에 의해서 억제됨이 확인되었다. CK전처치는 OA유도 및 CaI유도 해명 폐조직 비만세포에서 Hist과 LT 유리량을 20%까지 감소시켰다. $IgG_1$ 감작후 Ox-HSA유도 기도 평활근 조직이나 혹은 OA유도 및 CaI유도 비만세포에서 Hist과 LT유리에 미치는 CK의 억제효과는 TEA와 GBC에 의해 완전히 봉쇄되었다. 이상의 결과에서 폐조직 비만세포는 LT를 유리할 수 있는 세포로 간주되며, 기도 평활근 이완제로 알려져 있는 CK은 특수 항원 유도 기도 평활근조직에서 매개체 유리를 부분적으로 억제하며, CK은 또한 OA유도 및 CaI로 유도된 순수분리 정제된 비만세포에서 매개체 유리를 부분적으로 억제하는 것으로 보아 비만세포가 활성화시 야기되는 여러 생화학적 현상중에서 미약하나마 $K{^+}$통로가 관여할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-23
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• 2008

As managing customer relationship gets more important, companies are strengthening information service using multi-channels to their customers as a part of their customer relationship management (CRM) initiatives. It means companies are now accepting such information services not as simple information -delivering tools, but as strategic initiatives for acquiring and maintaining customer loyalty. In this paper, we attempt to validate whether or not such various information services would impact on organizational performance in terms of CRM strategy. More specifically, our research objective is to answer the next three questions: first, how to construct the instruments to measure not information quality but information service quality?; second, which attributes of information service quality can influence corporate image and customer loyalty?; finally, does each information service type have unique characteristics compared with others in terms of influencing corporate image and customer loyalty? With respect to providing answers to those questions, the previous studies had been limited in that those studies failed to consider the variety of types of information service or restricted the quality of information service to information quality. An appropriate research model answering the above questions should consider the fact that most companies are utilizing multi channels for their information services, and include the recent strategic information service such as customer online community. Moreover, since corporate information service could be regarded as a type of products or services delivered to customer, it is necessary to adopt the criteria for assessing customer's perceived value when to measure the quality of information service. Therefore, considering both multi-channels and multi-traits may enable us to tell the detailed causal routes showing which quality attributes of which information service would affect corporate image and customer loyalty. As information service channels, we include not only homepage and DM (direct mail), which are the most frequently applied information service channels, but also online community, which is getting more strategic importance in recent years. With respect to information service quality, we abstract information quality, convenience of information service, and timeliness of information service through a wide range of relevant literature reviews. As our dependant variables, we consider corporate image and customer loyalty that both of them are the critical determinants of organizational performance, and also attempt to grasp the relationship between the two constructs. We conducted a huge online survey at the homepage of one of representative dairy companies in Korea, and gathered 367 valid samples from 407 customers. The reliability and validity of our measurements were tested by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and principal factor analysis respectively, and seven hypotheses were tested through performing correlation test and multiple regression analysis. The results from data analysis demonstrated that timeliness and convenience of homepage have positive effects on both corporate image and customer loyalty. In terms of DM, its' information quality was represented to influence both corporate image and customer loyalty, but we found its' convenience have a positive effect only on corporate image. With respect to online community, we found its timeliness contribute significantly both to corporate image and customer loyalty. Finally, as we expected, corporate image was revealed to provide a great influence to customer loyalty. This paper provides several academic and practical implications. Firstly, we think our research reinforces CRM literatures by developing the instruments for measuring information service quality. The previous relevant studies have mainly depended on the measurements of information quality or service quality which were developed independently. Secondly, the fact that we conducted our research in a real situation may enable academics and practitioners to understand the effects of information services more clearly. Finally, since our study involved three different types of information service which are most frequently applied in recent years, the results from our study might provide operational guidelines to the companies that are delivering their customers information by multi-channel. In other words, since we found that, in terms of customer loyalty, the key areas would be different from each other according to the types of information services, our analysis would help to make decisions such as selecting strengthening points or allocating resources by information service channels.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.529-541
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• 2003

Yukmijihwang-tang has been widely used as an and-aging herbal medicine for hundred years in Asian countries. Numerous studies show that Yukmijihwangtang has anti-oxidative effect both in vivo and in vitro. It has been reported that Moutan Cortex Radicis extract (MCR) was the most effective herb in Yukmijihwang-tang on undifferentiated PC12 cells upon oxidative-stressed with hydrogen peroxide. The purpose of this study is to; 1) evaluate the recovery of neuronal damage by assessing the anti-oxidant effect of MCR on PC12 cells differentiated with nerve growth factor (NGF), 2) identify candidate genes responsible for anti-oxidative effect on differentiated PC12 cells by oligonucleotide chip microarray. PC12 cells, which were differentiated by treating with NGF, were treated without or with hydrogen peroxide in the presence or absence of various concentration of MCR. Cell survival was determined by using MTS assay. Measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was determined using the H2DCFDA assay The viability of cells treated with MCR was significantly recovered from stressed PC12 cell. In addition, wide rage of concentrations of MCR shows dose-dependent inhibitory effect on ROS production in oxidative-stressed cells. Total RNAs of cells without treatment(Control group), only treated with H₂O₂ (stressed group) and treated with both H₂O₂ and of MCR (MCR group) were isolated, and cDNAs was synthesized using oligoT7(dT) primer. The fragmented cRNAs, synthesized from cDNAs, were applied to Affymetrix GeneChip Rat Neurobiology U34 Array. mRNA of Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II delta subunit(CaMKII), neuron glucose transporter (GLUT3) and myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(MOG) were downregulated in Stressed group comparing to Control group. P2X2-5 receptor (P2X2R-5), P2X2-4 receptor (P2X2R-4), c-fos, 25 kDa synaptosomal attachment protein(SNAP-25a) and GLUT3 were downregulated, whereas A2 adenosine receptor (A2AR), cathechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), EST223333, heme oxygenase (HO), VGF, UI-R-CO-ja-a-07-0-Ul.s1 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were upregulated in MCA group comparing to Control group. Expression of Putative potassium channel subunit protein (ACK4), P2X2A-5, P2X2A-4, Interferon-gamma inducing factor isoform alpha precursor (IL-18α), EST199031, P2XR, P2X2 purinoceptor isoform e (P2X2R-e), Precursor interleukin 18 (IL-18) were downregulated, whereas MOO, EST223333, GLUT-1, MIF, Neuronatin alpha, UI-R-C0-ja-a-07-0-Ul.s1, A2. adenosine receptor, COMT, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), HO, VGF, A rat novel protein which is expressed with nerve injury (E12625) were upregulated in MCR group comparing to Stressed group. The results suggest that decreased viability and AOS production of PC12 cell by H₂O₂ may be, at lease, mediated by impaired glucose transporter expression. It is implicated that the MCR treatment protect PC12 cell from oxidative stress via following mechanisms; improving glucose transport into the cell, enhancing expression of anti-oxidative genes and protecting from dopamine cytotoxicity by increment of COMT and MIF expression. The list of differentially expressed genes may implicate further insight on the action and mechanism behind the anti-oxidative effects of herbal extract Moutan Cortex Radicis.

• 생태와환경
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.238-252
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• 2015

4대강 사업의 일환으로 추진된 보 건설이 영산강의 조류발생 형태와 제반 환경조건에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 장기 (2001~2014년) 자료 (환경부 물환경정보시스템)를 분석하였다. 분석 항목으로 조류 발생의 형태를 파악할 수 있는 엽록소 ${\alpha}$와 환경인자인 부유물질, 암모늄, 질산염, 인산염, 총 질소, 총 인, N : P ratio 등이다. 조사 정점은 최상류에 위치한 담양 (DY)에서 하류의 무안1 (MA1)까지 포함 (총 12개)한다. 분석 항목별로 시간적 분포를 시계열로 분석하였고, 건설 전과 후의 직접적인 비교를 위해 전과 후 3년간 자료 (2006~2008년, 2012~2013년)를 Box-Whisker Plot으로 도시하여 분석하였다. 또한 항목들 간의 상관성 분석 (Pearson's correlation analysis)도 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 수층의 탁도를 결정하는 부유물질은 보 건설 기간 중에 부유물질 농도가 보 건설 전에 비해 거의 모든 정점에서 상당 폭 증가한 반면 건설 이후에는 상류 및 중류에 위치한 정점들을 중심으로 확연하게 감소하였다. 암모늄은 건설 이전에 비해 건설 이후 증가하는 경향을 보인 반면, 나머지 영양염은 감소하였고 이로 인해 N : P ratio가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 엽록소 ${\alpha}$는 건설 중에는 모든 정점에서 감소하였으나, 건설 후에 부유물질 (탁도)이 감소하였던 정점에서 건설 전에 비해 확연히 증가하는 형태를 보여 주었다. 이는 영산강에서 보 건설 이후 인산염과 같은 영양염이 감소했지만, 동시에 탁도가 감소하면서 조류가 대발생 할 수 있는 환경이 조성되었음을 제시하는 결과라 할 수 있다

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.31-54
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• 2007

첨단산업의 기업들은 환경의 변화에 효과적으로 대응하는 것을 기업 성패에 중요한 요인으로 여기고 있다. 하지만 첨단산업의 환경 동태성이 공급체인 구성원 간 관계 결속에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구가 부족하여, 환경 변화에 효과적인 대응을 어렵게 하고 있다. 본 연구는 첨단산업에서 환경 동태성이 공급체인의 결속에 영향을 미치는 메커니즘에 대해 규명하고 있다. 좀 더 구체적으로 말하면, 첫째, 첨단산업의 고객, 경쟁, 기술 동태성이 공급체인의 결속에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지, 둘째, 공급체인의 유연성과 의존성이 이러한 영향에 어떠한 조절효과를 가지는 지 실증하고 있다. 구조방정식 모형에 의한 가설검정 결과 첨단산업의 고객 동태성은 공급체인의 결속을 약화시켰지만 경쟁 동태성은 강화시키는 역할을 하였다. 한편 유연성과 의존성은 고객과 경쟁 동태성에 유의적인 조절 효과를 가졌다.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2011

ACP (annealing control primer)를 사용하여 DDRT (differential display reverse transcription)-PCR 방법으로 볼락의 성장단계에 따라 발현량 차이를 나타내는 DEG (differentially expressed gene)를 확보하였다. ACP 120개를 분석하여 18개월령 근육조직에서보다 6개월령 근육조직에서 발현량이 많은 DEG 16개와 6개월령 근육조직에서보다 18개월령 근육조직에서 발현량이 더 많은 DEG22개의 염기서열을 분석하였다. DEG 염기서열을 BLAST 검색한 결과, parvalbumin (PVALB) 등 18개의 유전자(PVALB, NDKB, TPM, TnI, GAPDH, CKM2, factor 2 SERF2, AMPD, TRICA, ARHGAP15, ESD, hsp70, COL1A2, GST, Midllip1, MYL1, SERCA1B, FTH1)와 69~95%의 상동성을 나타냈다. Real time PCR 분석법으로 6개월령 근육조직에서 발현량이 많은 DEG14와 PVALB 유전자의 성장단계별 발현양상을 조사한 결과, 볼락이 성장함에 따라 발현량이 감소하였으며, 특히 PVALB 유전자는 6개월령 이후에는 발현량이 극히 적었다. 6개월령 근육조직에서보다 18 개월령 근육조직에서 발현량에서 많았던 CKM2 유전자는 성장함에 따라 발현량이 계속 증가하였고, 4세 이후에는 발현량이 감소하였다. DEG의 조직특이적 발현양상을 분석한 결과, DEG14는 근육, 간, 신장, 및 비장조직에서 발현되었으며, PVALB 유전자는 근육과 신장조직에서 발현되었고, 간과 비장조직에서는 발현되지 않았다. CKM2 유전자는 근육, 신장 및 비장조직에서 발현되었고, 간 조직에서는 발현되지 않았다. PVALB 유전자의 mRNA 크기는 659 bp 이며, 110개의 아미노산으로 구성되어 있다. Parvalbumin과 CKM2 유전자는 성장속도가 빠른 어류 선발에 이용할 수 있는 분자마커 개발에 활용하고자한다.