• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 1991

The types and processing characteristics of traditional non-alcoholic beverage and their historical backgrounds were surveyed through the old literatures published from the 8th century to 1940. A total of over 70 different names of beverages were found in the literature. They were classified into 10 groups according to their processing methods and quality characteristics; Sunda (green tea), Yusada (tea analog with/without green tea), Tang (boiled herb extract), Jang (lactic acid fermented rice beverage), Suksu (rice tea), Mium (cereal gruel), Misik (roasted cereal powder), Sikhe (sweet rice beverage saccharified with malt), Sujonggwa (ginger-fruit drink) and Hwachai (fruits drink). In the old literatures, there was non exist clear distinction between Jang, Tang, Chong and Tea. Lactic acid fermented rice beverage seemed to be a common drink in Silla and Koryo periods (AD. 600-1400), but disappeared afterwards and completely forgotten today. Other beverages are maintained until today with almost identical methods of preparation as described in the literatures written in the 18th century.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.515-522
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intake, dietary habits and serum lipid profiles of smoking male college students to those of non-smoking subjects. The subjects were composed of two group: 111 smokers and 120 non-smokers was used along with a questionnaire. Anthropometric measure, dietary intakes using 24-hours recall method were compared. The average ages of smokers and non-smokers were 21.6 and 21.1 years old, respectively. The height, weight and BMI of smokers and non-smokers were no significant difference. The average numbers of smoked cigarettes were 15.9/d and the average packyear was 4.9 in the smokers. About 92.8% of the smokers drank alcoholic beverages, while 72.5% of the non-smokers did. The smokers tended to eat less breakfast meal, but drink coffee more often compared to the non-smokers. The mean daily energy and food intake were 2,135.8 kcal and 1,169.5 g in the smokers and 2,034.3 kcal and 1,229.4 g in the non-smokers. The smokers consumed significantly higher intake of fat. The serum triglyceride level of the smokers was significantly higher than that of the non-smokers. In conclusion, the smokers of this study showed a more undesirable dietary intake in the light of their high Int an alcoholic beverages, and coffee. Therefore, it could be suggested that more systematic research be conducted with respect to serum triglyceride and smoking and that increased nutrition education and guidelines for smokers are required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.88-95
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• 2019

Purpose: The prevalence of binge drinking has increased among Korean adolescents in recent years. The purpose of this study was to determine the influencing factors of adolescent binge drinking. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of data from the 14th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. For the present analysis, 5,203 binge drinkers (girls who drank 3 or more glasses of soju and boys who drank 5 or more in average on one occasion in the last 30 days) and 4,464 non-binge drinkers were selected. Results: Compared with the adolescents who had no experience buying alcoholic beverages, the adolescents who responded that it was easy or uneasy to buy alcoholic drinks were more likely to be a binge drinker. Also, compared with never smokers, ex-smokers and current smokers were more likely to be a binge drinker. Binge drinking was positively associated with skipping breakfast, subjective health, and feelings of sadness or hopeless. Conclusion: The findings of this study may be useful in developing binge drinking prevention programs for adolescents.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 1999

This study investigated the differences in dietary intake, age, body mass index(BMI), marital status and education of 1,585 Korean healthy males among current smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers. Dietary intake was determined by a food frequency questionnaire at the Samsung Medical Center in Seoul, Korea. A bioelectric impedance analyzer measured height, body weight and BMI. This study identified 50% of the study group as current smokers and 30% as ex-smokers and 20% as non-smokers. The mean body mass index was 23.7kg/㎡ and did not differ significantly among the three groups. THe current smokers were younger(44.9 years old) and contained a lower percentage(58.5%) of college graduate than that of ex-smokers or non-smokers. The percentage of non-consumers of meat, eggs, beans and bean products was higher in non-smokers than that of ex-smokers or current smokers. Smoking was to a significant degree positively related to the amount of coffee and alcoholic beverages consumed and negatively related to the amount of milk and milk products and fruits consumed. The intake of eggs, milk and milk products, fruit, coffee, sweets, fats and oils were significantly different among the three groups. after adjusting for age, education level, marital status, and alcohol consumption. There was a strong positive relationship between smoking intensity and the intake of coffee and alcoholic beverages(p<0.0005), and an inverse relationship between smoking intensity and fruit, milk and milk product intake(p<0.005). The current smokers were characterized by a higher intake of total energy and cholesterol, and a lower intake of dietary fibers, ${\beta}$-carotine and folate than those of non-smokers or ex-smokers. The nutrient intake of ex-smokers was moderate and highest in ${\beta}$-carotine and folate, which suggested that ex-smokers were trying to change their life style.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.91-100
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of smoking on nutrition intake, bone mineral density and blood mineral status. The subjects were composed of two groups: 100 smokers and 100 non-smokers was used along with a questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes using 24-hours recall method were compared. At twenty subjects from each group were selected, bone mineral density were measured by quantitative ultrasound and plasma mineral levels were analyzed by ICP spectrometer. The average ages of smokers and non-smokers were 23.9 and 22.8 years old, respectively. The height, weight and BMI of the smokers were no significant difference. The average numbers of smoked cigarettes were 11.8/d and the average packyear was 3.1 in the smokers. About $97\%$ of the smokers drank alcoholic beverages, while $85\%$ of the non-smokers did. The smokers tended to eat less meals and dinner meal, but drink coffee more often compared to the non-smokers. The mean daily energy intake and CPF energy intake ratio were 2184. 9 kcal and 57.2 : 13.7 : 26.4 in the smokers and 2262.6 kcal and 55.8 : 13.1 : 28.6 in the non-smokers. The smokers consumed significantly lower intake of $\beta$-carotene. There were no significant differences in bone mineral density of BUA, SOS and QUI. There were no significant differences in plasma levels of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn. However, plasma Cu level of the smokers was significantly higher than that of the non-smokers. In conclusion, the smokers of this study showed a more undesirable dietary intake in the light of their low ,B -carotene and high alcoholic beverages, and coffee. The plasma Cu level of the smokers was higher than that of the non-smokers, showing that Cu is involved in smoking. Therefore, it could be suggested that more systematic research be conducted with respect to Cu and smoking and that increased nutrition education and guidelines for smokers are required.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.85-97
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• 1993

Grouping of the Korean traditional rice processed foods and their historical background in development were surveyed, principally being concentrated on the current topics reported on the rice-processed foods such as rice cakes and rice cookies. Rice-processed foods could be classified into seven groups according to the literature reported so far: rice gruels, boiled rices, rice cakes, alcoholic liquors, non-alcoholic beverages and seasonings. Among them, rice gruels and boiled rices were further divided into seven to eight groups based on their characteristics together with added materials. Eighty one names of rice cakes were reported in the literature, however it might be condensed to five groups according to their processing methods. Ninety different alcoholic liquors were found and arranged according to the cited period in the literature. Five kinds of rice cookies and nine kinds of non-alcoholic beverages were found in the literature. These are maintained until today with almost identical methods of preparation as described in the old literature. The scientific research results on the Korean traditional rice cakes and cookies published in the literatures were reviewed. A total of forty one research papers were collected: twenty seven papers on rice cakes and fourteen papers on rice cookies. Most of the researches were concerned to the processing conditions. The author felt deeply some too short of researches in the physicochemical changes during processing, the maintenance of the products quality and the industrialization of the traditional processing methods in rice foods.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 2013

The aims of this study were to estimate daily intake of macrominerals from beverages, liquid teas, and liquid coffees and to evaluate their potential health risks for Korean children and adolescents (1-to 19 years old). Assessment of dietary intake was conducted using the actual level of sodium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium in non-alcoholic beverages and (207 beverages, 19 liquid teas, and 24 liquid coffees) the food consumption amount drawn from "The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2009)". To estimate the dietary intake of non-alcoholic beverages, 6,082 children and adolescents (Scenario I) were compared with 1,704 non-alcoholic beverage consumption subjects among them (Scenario II). Calculation of the estimated daily intake of macrominerals was based on point estimates and probabilistic estimates. The values of probabilistic macromineral intake, which is a Monte-Carlo approach considering probabilistic density functions of variables, were presented using the probabilistic model. The level of safety for macrominerals was evaluated by comparison with population nutrient intake goal (Goal, 2.0 g/day) for sodium, tolerable upper intake level (UL) for calcium (2,500 mg/day) and phosphorus (3,000-3,500 mg/day) set by the Korean Nutrition Society (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans, KDRI). For total children and adolescents (Scenario I), mean daily intake of sodium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation was, respectively, 7.93, 10.92, 6.73, 23.41, and 1.11, and 95th percentile daily intake of those was, respectively, 28.02, 44.86, 27.43, 98.14, and 3.87 mg/day. For consumers-only (Scenario II), mean daily intake of sodium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation was, respectively, 19.10, 25.77, 15.83, 56.56, and 2.86 mg/day, and 95th percentile daily intake of those was, respectively, 62.67, 101.95, 62.09, 227.92, and 8.67 mg/day. For Scenarios I II, sodium, calcium, and phosphorus did not have a mean an 95th percentile intake that met or exceeded the 5% of Goal and UL.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1304-1316
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• 2014

The aims of this study were to estimate daily intakes of artificial sweeteners from beverages and liquid teas as well as evaluate their potential health risks in Korean children and adolescents (1 to 19 years old). Dietary intake assessment was conducted using actual levels of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose in non-alcoholic beverages (651 beverages and 87 liquid teas), and food consumption amounts were drawn from "The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007~2009)". To estimate dietary intake of non-alcoholic beverages, a total of 6,082 children and adolescents (Scenario I) were compared to 1,704 non-alcoholic beverage consumption subjects (Scenario II). The estimated daily intake of artificial sweeteners was calculated based on point estimates and probabilistic estimates. The values of probabilistic artificial sweeteners intakes were presented by a Monte Carlo approach considering probabilistic density functions of variables. The level of safety for artificial sweeteners was evaluated by comparisons with acceptable daily intakes (ADI) of aspartame (0~40 mg/kg bw/day), acesulfame-K (0~15 mg/kg bw/day), and sucralose (0~15 mg/kg bw/day) set by the World Health Organization. For total children and adolescents (Scenario I), mean daily intakes of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation were 0.09, 0.01, and 0.04 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, and 95th percentile daily intakes were 0.30, 0.02, and 0.13 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. For consumers-only (Scenario II), mean daily intakes of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation were 0.52, 0.03, and 0.22 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, and 95th percentile daily intakes were 1.80, 0.12, and 0.75 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. For scenarios I and II, neither aspartame, acesulfame-K, nor sucralose had a mean and 95th percentile intake that exceeded 5.06% of ADI.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.399-410
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the perception and the preference of Korean traditional foods such as traditional holiday foods, rice cakes and beverages. The subjects were 598 elementary school students(male 310, female 288) in fifth or sixth grades. The most favorite traditional holiday food was rice cake soup(57.4%) and 92.4% of subjects wanted to keep the traditional holiday foods because of the traditional custom. The traditional beverages mainly drinking at home were sikhye(35.6%), misugalou(30.2%), green tea(18.5%), etc. Children's most favorite beverage was misugalou(90.5%) and they had no taste for ginseng tea(39.6%). Children did not know well about booggumi(64.1%), dootubdduk(63.3%), whajun(39.6%), etc. and liked gguldduk(94.2%) better than the others. They liked the rice cake because of its good taste(69.0%) and disliked it because of chocking(30.9%), not eating frequently(29.5%), hard and tough(18.2%), and so on. And they wanted to make the rice cake softer and sweeter like the cake and mostly ate it on the traditional holidays.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.243-251
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• 2010

Although noodles occupy an important place in the dietary lives of Americans, up until the present time research and in-depth data on the noodle consumption patterns of the US population have been very limited. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the food consumption and diet patterns of noodle consumers and non-consumers according to age, gender, income, and ethnicity. The 2001-2002 NHANES databases were used. The NHANES 2001-2002 data showed that noodle consumers reporting noodle consumption in their 24-h recall were 2,035 individuals (23.3% of total subjects). According to the results, the mean noodle consumption was 304.1 g/day/person, with 334.3 g for males and 268.0 g for females. By age, the intake of those in the age range of 9-18 years old ranked highest at 353.0 g, followed by the order of 19-50 year-olds with 333.5 g, 51-70 year-olds with by 280.4 g, older than 71years old with 252.3 g, and 1-8 year-olds with 221.5 g. By gender, males consumed more noodles than females. Also, according to income, the intake amount for the middle-income level (PIR 1~1.85) of consumers was highest at 312.5 g. Noodle intake also showed different patterns by ethnicity in which the "other" ethnic group consumed the most noodles with 366.1 g, followed by, in order, Hispanics with 318.7 g, Whites with 298.6 g, and Blacks with 289.5 g. After comparing food consumption by dividing the subjects into noodle consumers and non-consumers, the former was more likely to consume milk, fish, citrus fruits, tomatoes, and alcoholic beverages while the latter preferred meat, poultry, bread, and non-alcohol beverages.