• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.743-749
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to develop hydroponic-cultured ginseng vinegar (HGV) containing ginsenoside Rg2 in order to its anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic effects in C57BL/6J mice. HGV was prepared by two-stage fermentation. The ginsenoside Rg2 contained in acetic acid-fermented HGV increased by 4.0 times compared to that in pre-fermented HGV. To measure the anti-obesity effect of HGV, thirty two mice were randomly divided into four groups: normal diet group (ND), high-fat diet group (HFD), high-fat diet-supplemented with HGV group (HGV), and high-fat diet-supplemented with green tea extract group (GT). Body weight, fat weight, and liver weight decreased in the HGV group. The HGV group also showed lower plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and triglycerides, and higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol compared to the corresponding levels in the HFD group. Furthermore, there were significant decreases in plasma aspartase aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in the HGV group compared to the corresponding levels in the HFD group. These results suggest that HGV can be used as an anti-obesity therapeutic agent or functional ingredient.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.767-776
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary herbal product(Miracle$^{\circledR}$) supplementation on the performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora and blood parameters in pigs. Forty eight cross bred(Y${\times}$L${\times}$D) weanling pigs (average initial body weight 7.84kg${\pm}$0.17, 28 d old) were used in 35 d feeding trial. Pigs were allotted to 16 raised floor cages(W 35.5cm${\times}$L45cm${\times}$H 55cm). Each treatment had four replications of 3 pigs each. Treatments were: control (T1), CTC 100ppm (T2), Miracle$^{\circledR}$ 0.15% (T3) and CTC 100ppm + Miracle$^{\circledR}$ 0.15% (T4). The herbal product supplementation(T3) tended to improve the weight gain, feed intake, feed/gain but there were no significant differences among treatments. Nutrient digestibility was significantly(P〈0.05) affected by dietary treatments. The pigs fed T3 diet showed the lowest digestibility of DM, crude protein, NFE, P, and amino acids among treatments. Serum cholesterol level of pigs fed T3 diet was lowest and significantly(P〈0.05) lower than those fed antibiotic supplemented diet(T2). Triglyceride and HDL level of the pigs fed T3 diet were also lower than those of others but the differences were not significant. The level of serum IgG was significantly(P〈0.05) different among treatments. The level of serum IgG was highest in T4, followed by T1, T2 and T3. Serum AST(Aspartate aminotransferase) level of the control(T1) was lower than other treatments. Levels of serum total protein, albumin and ALT(Alanine aminotransferase) were not significantly different among treatments. The colony forming units (CFU) of Lactobacillus, Cl. perfringens and E.coli in feces were not significantly different among treatments but those of Cl. perfringens of T2 (CTC 100ppm) showed the lowest count at both 3rd and 5th wk. It is concluded that herbal product Miracle$^{\circledR}$ does not significantly affect growth performance of weanling pigs but it influenced the digestibility, serum IgG, cholesterol and AST level. The combination of the herbal product Miracle$^{\circledR}$ with antibiotic(CTC) showed no synergistic effects.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1625-1633
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical compositions and antioxidative effects of Eriobotrya japonoca Lindl (Loquat). The proximate compositions of the loquat leaf on a dry matter basis were 8.78% moisture content, 6.74% crude protein, 7.87% crude fat, 6.99% crude ash, 43.61% dietary fiber and 26.01% carbohydrate. In analysis of free amino acids, 16 kinds total amino acid components, 17 kinds of components were isolated from loquat. The essential amino acids contained in loquat leaf accounted for 50.15% of total amino acids, while the non-essential amino acids accounted for 49.85%. In analysis of total fatty acids, only 5 kinds of acid were detected: lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid. The contents of vitamin A, vitamin E and vitamin C were 0.039 mg%, 0.096 mg% and 0.575 mg%, respectively. The mineral contents of loquat leaf were greater in order of Zn

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.231-250
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• 2001

In order to determine the effects of annexing bile extracts of bears on the anti-fibrotic effect of Injinhotang. Mix compound of Injinhotang and bile extracts of bears were administered to the carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced cirrhotic rats during 20 days and the changes of serum levels of GOT (glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase), GPT (glutamic pyruvic transaminase), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), ALP (alanine phosphatase), GGT (gamma glutamyl transpeptidase) and T-BIL (total bilirubin) were monitored with comparison to the results of Injinhotang administered group. The results were summarized as follows. 1. A significant (p<0.01) increase of serum GOT levels were observed in control group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang and Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. In addition, a significant (p<0.05) increase were also detected In Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group compared to that of Injinhotang-administered group. 2. A significant (p<0.01) increase of serum GPT levels were observed in control group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang and Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. Although significances were not recorded, increase of serum GPT levels were also detected in Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group compared to that of Injinhotang-administered group. 3. A significant (p<0.01) increase of serum LDH levels were observed in control group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang and Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. Although significances were not recorded, increase of serum LDH levels were also detected in Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group compared to that of Injinhotang-administered group. 4. A significant (p<0.01 or p<0.05) increase of serum ALP levels were observed in control group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang and Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. In addition, a significant (p<0.05) increase were also detected in Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group compared to that of Injinhotang-administered group. 5. A significant (p<0.01) increase of serum GGT levels were observed in control and Injinhotang-administered group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. 6. A significant (p<0.01) increase of serum T-BIL levels were observed in control group compared to those of normal group but these increased levels were dramatically decreased in Injinhotang and Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group. Although significances were not recorded, increase of serum T-BIL levels were also detected in Injinhotang with Fel Ursi-administered group compared to that of Injinhotang-administered group. In conclusion, it is considered that bile extract of bears has some additional effect to the anti-fibrotic effect of Injinhotang but to know the exact mechanism of suitable dose and duration of administration, further studies such as pharmacokinetics and dose-dependent pharmacological studies were needed

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.480-498
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• 1997

This study was to investigate the protective and anticirrhotic effects of Mockhyangjokisan and Haewooljoweetang on the liver cirrhosis or fibrosis induced by prolonged bile duct ligation; a new experimental model for cirrhosis and the intraperitoneal injection of dimethylnitrosamine in the rat. The development of fibrosis or cirrhosis and its inhibition by the two prescriptions were examined by the chemical analysis of AST, ALT, and hydroxyproline. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The increase of serum asparate aminotransferase induced by bile duct ligation was inhibited by the administration of Mockhyangjokisan and Haewooljoweetang extract. 2. The increase of serum alanine aminotransferase induced by bile duct ligation was inhibited by the administration of Mockhyangjokisan and Haewooljoweetang extract. 3. The increased level of serum AST and AL T induced by the intraperitoneal injection of dimethylnitrosamine was inhibited by the administration of Mockhyangjokisan and Haewooljoweetang extract. 4. The increasing level of hydroxyproline volume in the damaged liver tissues in the rat was decreased by the oral administration of Mockhyangjokisan and Haewooljoweetang extract. But there were no significant differences in the inhibition rate between the two experimental groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.784-791
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• 2008

A new sake fermented using a mixture of Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp. and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) containing allbanggae was developed in this study. The effects of the allbanggae contents ($0{\sim}50%$) in the sake on the qualitative and sensory properties and flavor components were investigated. The fermentation with allbanggae, especially in sake containing 10% allbanggae, showed the highest level of alcohol ($15.3{\sim}16.4%$), whereas the amount of alcohol decreased with increasing allbanggae contents. Amino acidity in sake containing 10% and 20% allbanggae indicated the highest levels ($0.90{\sim}1.20%$). In addition, it was observed that the sake containing 10% allbanggae showed the smallest level of reducing sugars, which were increased with increasing allbanggae ratio. Furthermore, various organic acids in the sake were detected such as citric, succinic, malic and acetic acids, among which the acetic acid showed the highest amount ($160.3{\pm}8.0{\sim}253.3{\pm}20.3mg/100mL$). The major amino acids detected in the sakes were alanine, proline, histidine, phenylalanine, lysine and glutamic acid. The sake containing 20% allbanggae indicated the highest amino acids amount among the allbanggae ratios. Based on these results, it was concluded that the sake containing 20% allbanggae could be successfully commercialized.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.790-800
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• 2017

As men get older, total testosterone levels decline gradually, and concentrations of free and bioavailable testosterone decline sharply with each decade beyond their 30s. Andropause or testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) is defined as a decrease in sexual satisfaction or decline in general well-being accompanied by low levels of testosterone in older men. This male climacteric is characterized by nervousness, reduced potency, decreased libido, irritability, fatigue, depression, memory problems, sleep disturbances, and hot flushes. Cirsium japonicum (CJ) is used as a traditional medicine for hemorrhage, blood congestion, and inflammation in Korea. However, there is no report on the efficacy of CJ treatment for TDS. In this study, we observed the mitigating effect of CJ extract (CE) and fermented CJ extract (FCE) on symptoms of TDS. In elderly male rats, total and testosterone levels, hind limbs muscles, forced swimming time, and total and motile sperm counts significantly increased after daily intake of CE and FCE for 6 weeks. In contrast, sex hormone binding globulin, retroperitoneal fat, total serum cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly reduced in CE and FCE groups. However, there was no difference in prostate specific antigen, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels among all groups, which means CE and FCE did not have putative adverse effects. In a cell experiment, we also observed that CE and FCE enhanced expression of genes related to testosterone biosynthesis but reduced genes involved in testosterone conversion. On the whole, these positive effects on TDS were greater in FCE compared to CE. Thus, these results suggest the potential of FCE as a promising natural product for recovering testosterone levels and alleviating TDS.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.774-782
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• 2006

This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of an ethanol extract of lotus root (LRE) on alcohol-induced liver damage in rat. Sprague-Dawley rae weighing $100{\sim}150g$, were divided into 6 groups: basal diet group (BD), alcohol (35% 10 mL/kg/day) teated stoup (ET), LRE 200 mg/kg/day teated group (BD-LREL). LRE 400 mg/kg/day treated group (BD-LREH), LRE 200 mg/kg/day and alcohol treated group (ET-LREL), and LRE 400 3mg/kg/day and alcohol teated group (ET-LREH). After the administration, rats were sacrificed to get serum and liver to analyze antioxidant enzyme activity, glutathione and lipid peroxide contents. The body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were decreased by alcohol administration, however, were gradually increased to a little lower level than the basal diet group by the combined administration of alcohol and LRE. The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities that were elevated by alcohol were significantly decreased by LRE administration. It was also observed that thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content, xanthine oxidase (XO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in liver that were increased by alcohol, were markedly decreased in the combined alcohol and LRE administered groups as compared with the alcohol administrated group. These effect of LRE within the alcohol groups were in a dose-dependent manner. The glutathione (GSH) content in liver was decreased by alcohol administration, however, increased after administering LRE. Teken together, these result suggest that ethanol extract of lotus root may have a possible protective effect on liver function in hepatotoxicity-induced rat by alcohol administration.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.336-341
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• 2013

In this study, the proximate compositions, minerals, free amino acids, total polyphenol and flavonoids of figs were analyzed according to their cultivars. The proximate compositions showed moisture at 85.37~87.28%, crude ash at 0.38~0.43%, crude lipid at 0.20~0.26%, crude protein at 0.39~0.81%, carbohydrate at 11.23~13.66% and crude fiber at 5.12~7.55% (dry base). The amount of the following minerals in the figs were highest, in this order: K > Ca > Mg > Na. The total polyphenol contents were highest in this order: Dauphine (198.91~261.64 mg/kg), Banane (211.07 mg/kg) and Horaish (169.90~174.33 mg/kg). The total flavonoid contents were highest in this order: Banane (84.52 mg/kg) > Dauphine (60.47~68.71 mg/kg) > Horaish (44.12~44.60 mg/kg). The quercetin contents were highest in this order: Dauphine, 2.40~3.54 mg/kg; Banane, 3.54 mg/kg; and Horaish, 2.40~2.75 mg/kg; but the flavonoid contents were lowest in this order: Dauphine, 1.11~1.16 mg/kg; Banane, 1.14 mg/kg; and Horaish, 1.09~1.11 mg/kg. The free amino acid content of the figs was 199.70~328.77 mg/100 g; their essential free amino acid contents, 46.45~67.46 mg/100 g; and their GABA (${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid) contents, 13.57~26.69 mg/100 g.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.404-418
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate changes in the physicochemical properties (proximate compounds, reducing sugar, organic acid, ATP and related compounds, and free amino acid) of beachu kimchi (BK) with octopus, abalone, squid and webfoot octopus added during its storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 35 days. The crude protein content of the seafood Kimchi, 1.98~3.41%, was higher than that of the BK. The organic acid level did not significantly differ in the four kinds of seafood during their fermentation, and their malate and succinate contents decreased while their lactate content increased. The levels of the ATP and related compound substances of the hypoxanthine contents were high but decreased during their fermentation. However, $3.40{\mu}mol/g$ of IMP was detected in the Kimchi with octopus added; $0.67{\mu}mol/g$ in the Kimchi with abalone added; and $1.80{\mu}mol/g$ in the Kimchi with squid added after they were fermented for 21 days, but the same were not detected in the BK. The taurine and ${\gamma}$-amino-n-butyric acid contents of the free amino acids in the seafood Kimchi were approximately two to 10 times and 1.5 to three times higher than in the BK, respectively.