• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.122-134
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• 2010

We investigated the levels of resistance and accumulation of terapyrroles, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidative enzymes for reasons of growth reduction in herbicide-transgenic rice overexpressing Myxococcus xanthus, Arabidopsis thaliana, and human protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) genes. The transgenic rice overexpressing M. xanthus (MX, MX1, PX), A. thaliana (AP31, AP36, AP37), and human (H45, H48, H49) Protox genes showed 43~65, 41~72 and 17~70-fold more resistance to oxyfluorfen, respectively, than the wild type. Among transgenic rice lines overexpressing Protox genes, several lines showed normal growth compared with the wild type, but several lines showed in reduction of plant height and shoot fresh weight under different light conditions. However, reduction of plant height of AP37 was much higher than other lines for the experimental period. On the other hand, the reduction of plant height and shoot fresh weight in the transgenic rice was higher in high light condition than in low light condition. Enhanced levels of Proto IX were observed in transgenic lines AP31, AP37, and H48 at 7 days after seeding (DAS) and transgenic lines PX, AP37, and H48 at 14 DAS relative to wild type. There were no differences in Mg-Proto IX of transgenic lines except for H41 and H48 and Mg-Proto IX monomethyl ester of transgenic lines except for MX, MX1, and PX. Although accumulation of tetrapyrrole intermediates was observed in transgenic lines, their tetrapyrrole accumulation levels were not enough to inhibit growth of transgenic rice. There were no differences in reactive oxygen species, MDA, ALA synthesizing capacity, and chlorophyll between transgenic lines and wild type indicating that accumulated tetrapyrrole intermediate were apparently not high enough to inhibit growth of transgenic rice. Therefore, the growth reduction in certain transgenic lines may not be caused by a single factor such as Proto IX, but by interaction of many other factors.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.465-472
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• 2011

To investigate the effect of inorganic ($GeO_2$) and organic (Ge-132) germanium treatment on Brasica juncea C. plant, growth characteristics and Ge contents were examined with various inorganic or organic germanium treatments (0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and $100mg\;L^{-1}$), respectively. Brasica juncea C. growth did not much inhibited until Ge $10mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration under both Ge-132 and $GeO_2$ treatments as compared to control. On the other hand, at Ge concentration higher than $25mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration, Brasica juncea C. growth was inhibited under both Ge-132 and $GeO_2$ treatments. Under treatment of $GeO_2$, length of root and shoot slightly increased until $5mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration and dry weight slightly increased until $10mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration. Under treatment of Ge-132, length of root and shoot slightly increased until $10mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration and dry weight slightly increased until $25mg\;L^{-1}$ concentration. Total Ge contents in Brasica juncea C. early seedlings with $GeO_2$ treatment were a bit higher than those with Ge-132 treatment. Germanium was primarily accumulated in the roots (77%) with organic Ge (Ge-132) treatments, whereas Ge was primarily accumulated in the leaf (70%, respectively) with $GeO_2$ treatments. The Ge uptake rates in inorganic Ge treatments were slightly high than those in organic Ge treatments. Under inorganic Ge treatment with $2.5mg\;L^{-1}$, about 3% of Ge was accumulated into plant and distribution in leaf and root was 84.8% and 15.2%, respectively. Under organic Ge treatment with $2.5mg\;L^{-1}$, about 2.6% of Ge was accumulated into plant and distribution in leaf and root was 66.4% and 33.6%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Heavy metal adsorption not only depends on rapid cooling slag(RCS) characteristics but also on the nature of the metals involved and on their competitive behavior for RCS adsorption sites. The goal of this study was to investigate the competitive absorption characteristics of Cu, Cd and Zn in single- and multi-metal forms by RCS.METHODS AND RESULTS: Both single- and multi-metal adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the adsorption characteristics of RCS for the heavy metals. Adsorption behaviors of the heavy metals by RCS were evaluated using both the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm equations. The maximum adsorption capacities of metals by RCS were in the order of Cu(16.6 mg/g) > Cd(8.1 mg/g) > Zn(6.2 mg/g) in the single-metal adsorption isotherm and Cu(14.5 mg/g) >> Zn(1.3 mg/g) > Cd(0.6 mg/g) in the multi-metal adsorption isotherm. Based on data obtained from Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models and three-dimensional simulation, multi-metal adsorption behaviors differed from single- metal adsorption due to competition. Cadmium and Zn were easily exchanged and substituted by Cu during multi-metal adsorption.CONCLUSION: Results from adsorption experiments indicate that competitive adsorption among metals increases the mobility of these metals.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.113-126
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• 2011

This study was carried out to improve planting and use of landscape plants in Gangwon-do. The designated plants by schools and cities in Gangwon-do were surveyed and then compared with the planted trees on streets, public parks, schools, etc. in 2009. There were 45 tree species and 43 flower species designated as school trees and school flowers at 632 schools in Gangwon-do. The majority of school tree species were Juniperus chinensis, Pinus densiflora, Abies holophylla, Ginkgo biloba, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata, Zelkova serrata, and Pinus thunbergii. The ratio of native species to exotic was 35:10. The majority of school flower species Rosa centifolia, Forsythia koreana, Zinnia elegans, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Chrysanthemum morifolium, and Rosa rugosa. The ratio of native species to the exotic was 22:21. There were 12 flower species and 7 tree species designated as city trees and city flowers in 18 cities and guns. The high frequency flower species were Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Forsythia koreana, Magnolia sieboldii, and Prunus armeniaca var. ansu. The high frequency tree species were Ginkgo biloba, Pinus koraiensis, and Taxus cuspidata. There were 87 woody landscape tree species planted, and a total of 619,835 landscape plants were planted in Youngseo region (western part of Gangwon-do) in 2009. The ratio of native species to exotic species was 56:31. The majority of landscape trees planted were Pinus densiflora, Prunus yedoensis, Prunus sargentii, Comus officinalis, Pyrus pyrifolia, Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata, Hibiscus syriacus, Forsythia koreana, Zellkova serrata, Acer triflorum, Rhododendron obutusum, and Ligustrum obtusifolium A in 2009. The ratio of native species to the exotic was 64:36. There were 77 woody landscape tree species planted, and a total of 914,668 landscape plants were planted in Youngdong region (eastern part of Gangwon-do) in 2009. The ratio of native species to exotic was 52:25. The major landscape trees planted were Pinus thunbergii, Rhododendron lateritium, Rhododendron schlippenenbachii, Hibiscus syriacus, Prunus yedoensis, Pinus densiflora, Syringa dilatata, Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Rosa rugosa, Prunus sargentii, Rosa centifolia, Juniperus chinensis, Euonymus japonica, Forsythia koreana, Chionanthus retusus, Acer palmatum, and Chaenomeles sinensis. The results indicate that landscape plants need to be diverse in species in each region of Gangwon-do. Selection of suitable plants for each region and the use of native species need to be emphasized.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2014

This study aimed to examine the effect of different fruit-loads on fruit yield, quality, and plant growth of 'Seolhyang' strawberry. Fruit loads were adjusted from the first to the fourth flower cluster so that the number of fruits became 20, 25, and 30, and non-flower thinning of some was made. The more the number of fruits per plant was, the greater the total yield obtained, but marketable yield decreased and non-marketable yield increased. Compared to the treatment whose fruit load was adjusted, the control with non-flower thinning had more fruit yield in the first and second flower clusters but tended to have less fruit yield in the third and fourth flower clusters. The lower the fruit load was, the more soluble solids content of fruits increased. The lower the fruit load of a flower cluster was, the faster its harvest time reached. Harvest of fruit load of 20 was faster by 10 days in the second and fourth flower clusters relative to the control. On November 24, 2012, flowering thinning of the first flower cluster was made. On March 7, 2013, fruit dry weight of the second flower cluster was most heavy in the control. Dry weight of roots decreased in the control and the fruit load of 30 compared to November 24. On April 9, fruit dry weight of the third flower cluster did not have significant difference according to fruit load, however the more the fruit load was, the smaller dry weight of leaf, root, and crown became, which were vegetative organs. On May 12, the more the fruit load, the smaller leaf area and dry weight of vegetative organs and differences from varying fruit-loads became considerable in later period of growth. Appropriate fruit load of 'Seolhyang' strawberry were from 20 to 25. Maintaining balance between vegetative and fruit growth by adjusting fruit load is very important for stable fruit production.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2006

The chemical components of Korean paprika according to cultivars were investigated and analyzed to provide basic data for food materialization and processing. Nitrogen free extract contents of President, Special and Fiesta were 6.64, 6.22 and $6.01\%$ respectively. The contents of crude lipid and crude fiber in the Special, President and Fiesta were similar. Mineral components of paprika were rich in $K(83.41\-152.98\;mg\%),\;Mg(28.66\~39.46\;mg\%)\;and\;Mn(10.34\~18.96mg\%)$. Among the cultivars of paprika, K content had a slightly higher level in the President than those of Special and Fiesta. The major free Sugars of paprika were glucose $(1.36\~1.45\%)$ and fructose$(0.06\~1.53\%)$, respectively. The contents of total amino acids in paprika were $1,168.08\;mg\%$ in the Special, $1,112.97\;mg\%$ in the President and $874.79\;mg\%$ in the Fiesta. The major amino acids in the paprika were lysine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid Abundant organic acids of paprika were tartaric $(2.34\~4.32\;mg\%)$, succinic $(2.01\~2.42\;mg\%)$ and malic acids $(0.67\~1.72\;mg\%)$. Eight fatty acids in paprika were identified and the major fatty acids were stearic $(15.11\~34.68\%)$ and linoleic acids $(32.12\~60.36\%)$. The contents of ascorbic acid in paprika were $263.45\;mg\%$ in the Special, $284.24\;mg\%$ in the President and $206.34\;mg\%$ in the Fiesta. Total phenolics and carotenoid contents were higher in President cultivar than any other cultivars.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.391-397
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• 2010

Yams (Dioscorea spp.) have been used as medicinal and edible resources worldwide. In the present study, methanol extracts were prepared from various kinds of yam, including D. batatas (Gyeongbuk No. 1 and No. 4), D. alata L. (Gyeongbuk No. 5 and No. 6), and D. bulbifera and D. nipponica, and the antioxidant, antithrombin, and antimicrobial activities of these extracts were evaluated. The water content of the various yams was 54.7~83.2% (D. batatas> D. alata L.>D. nipponica>D. bulbifera) and the methanol extracts contained 0.59-1.59% (w/v) solid matter (D. alata L.>D. batatas >D. nipponica>D. bulbifera). The mean concentrations of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and total sugars in the different types of yam were 49.82 mg/g, 9.79 mg/g, and 173.81 mg/g, respectively. Analysis of DPPH radical-scavenging activity showed that D. alata L. Gyeongbuk No. 6 had a strong antioxidant capacity (IC50=$142.30{\mu}g/mL$), whereas the other yams showed reduced levels of activity (IC50=371-$486{\mu}g/mL$). D. alata L. Gyeongbuk No. 6 showed a strong antithrombin activity against human thrombin. Upon treatment with a D. alata methanol extract (1.5 mg/mL), thrombin time was increased 7.35-fold compared with that when methanol alone was used. In an antimicrobial activity assay, the D. nipponica extract showed moderate antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, and Salmonella typhimurium. Our results indicate that different varieties of Dioscorea spp., including D. batatas, have useful biochemical attributes, including antioxidant, antithrombin, and antibacterial activities.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.134-141
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• 2005

Cultivation of winter cover crops and its soil utilization for summer main crops in slope upland is very important at the respects of diminution of soil erosion and non-point pollution source. The effects of cover crop, hairy vetch as no-tillage or conventional tillage on prevention of soil erosion and reduction of chemical nitrogen fertilization were investigated in the slope upland with whiter clover living mulch (partial tillage) in Suwon for three years and with rye (conventional tillage) in Hongcheon for two years, respectively. In Suwon, amounts of soil lost by rainfall runoff decreased as much as 90% by hairy vetch-no tillage (HV-NT), white clover-partial tillage (WF-PT) together with the decrease of rainfall runoff compared to winter fallow with conventional tillage (WF-CT). In addition, amounts of weed also decreased as much as 80-90% by HV-NT and WF-PT. Corn yield decreased much at the plot of WF-PT mainly due to competition for soil water and nutrients between clover and corn at the early corn growth stage. On the contrary, corn yield increased by HV-NT compared to WF-CT regardless of weed control. In Hongcheon, amounts of soil eroded during winter season before corn seeding were reduced as much as 95% by cultivation of hairy vetch and rye compared to winter fallow. Amount of soil eroded during waxy corn growing season was reduced as much as 98% by HV-NT compared to WF-CT. Also, soil incorporation of hairy vetch and rye as green manure with conventional tillage at corn seeding time could reduce soil erosion as much as 70% compared to no soil cover with conventional tillage. Ear yields of waxy corn were increased 10% higher at hairy vetch green manure (HV-CT) without nitrogen fertilizer, 20% higher at HV-NT with standard nitrogen fertilizer, respectively than WF-CT. But ear yields of waxy corn were decreased by rye green manure (R-CT) and HV-NT at the condition of no nitrogen fertilizer. It was concluded that hairy vetch was better as winter cover crop to reduce both soil erosion and chemical nitrogen fertilizer simultaneously in slope upland than other cover crops.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.229-234
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• 2014

We analyzed drainage water from coir substrate in which cucumber plants were grown in winter and elucidated changes in pH, EC, and major nutrients according to the growth stages to recommend nutrient solution management appropriate to each growth stage. From the analysis of drainage solution the growth stages of cucumber were desirable to be divided into two, planting to fruit setting and fruit setting to harvest in case of nutrient solution management. The time required was about 3 weeks from planting to the first fruit setting and thereafter 7~10 days more until the first harvest. Approximately every 3~4 days were needed until the upper flowers bloomed. The time required from fruit setting to harvest was not different much among flowers as cucumber plants grew. From the experimental results, EC of supplied solution was recommended to maintain a little high to $3.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ until before fruit setting and lower a little to $2.0{\sim}2.3dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ after that. Of course, the amount of solution supply should be increased as plants grew. In case of each nutrients, the recommendation of concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium were 700, 60, and $110mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ each until before fruit setting, and then 660, 50, and $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ each after fruit setting. The concentrations of potassium and magnesium are recommended to start from 400 and $80mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ until fruit setting and lower a little after that.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2016

This study was conducted for comparison of ingredients, phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity of Wofiporia extensa cultured in Gangwon-do, Gyeongsang-do, and Jeolla-do. Three contents of Wofiporia extensa were analyzed as oxygen (46~48%), carbon (38~39%), hydrogen (6.05~6.1%) and nitrogen (0.17~0.21%). The mineral contents of 50% ethanol Wofiporia extensa extracts were measured as sulfur (S) 145~149 ppm, Magnesium (Mg) 69~72 ppm, phosphorus (P) 122~154 ppm and calcium (Ca) 210.61~509.98 ppm. Wofiporia extensa from Gyeongsang-do (509.98 ppm) contained a significantly higher quantity of Ca than that from Gangwon-do (210.62 ppm) and Jeolla-do (223.88 ppm). In the gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, oleic acid was identified in three 50% ethanol Wofiporia extensa extracts. In the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay for antioxidant activity, the $IC_{50}$ values of Wofiporia extensa cultured in Gangwon-do, Gyeongsang-do and Jeolla-do were calculated as 2.966 mg/mL, 23.03 mg/mL, and 4.16 mg/mL and 3.521 mg/mL, 12.17 mg/mL, and 7.40 mg/mL. In the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, the $IC_{50}$ values of Wofiporia extensa cultured in Gangwon-do, Gyeongsang-do, Jeolla-do were 6.585 mg/mL, 19.06 mg/mL, and 18.97 mg/mL, respectively. In summary, Wofiporia extensa cultured in Gangwon-do had stronger antioxidant activity and higher concentration of oleic acid than that of Geyongsang-do and Jeolla-do. However, Wofiporia extensa cultured in Geyongsang-do contained a much higher concentration of Ca than that of Gangwon-do and Jeolla-do.