• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2018

Background Liposuction has become one of the most frequently performed procedures in the field of aesthetic surgery. Fat embolism syndrome after liposuction can easily be overlooked or underestimated; however, occasionally, fulminating fat embolism syndrome can develop and lead to a critical situation within 2-3 days after lipoplasty. Changes over time in the amount of circulating fat particles and the histology of major organs have not yet been studied. Methods This study was conducted using 18 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 12 weeks and weighing 500-628 g (average, 562 g). Fifteen rats were used as the experimental group and 3 as the control group. Under general anesthesia, tumescent-technique liposuction was performed at the lateral flank areas and abdomen for 1 hour. Blood, lung, and brain tissue specimens were obtained at 1 hour, 1 day, and 2 days after the liposuction procedure. Results The average number of fat particles in the blood samples was 25,960/dL at 1 hour, 111,100/dL at 24 hours, and 21,780/dL at 48 hours. The differences between study groups were statistically significant. Both intravascular and extravascular fat particles with inflammation were seen in all 15 rats, as were inflammatory cell infiltration, hemorrhage, and consolidation with shrinkage of the lung alveoli. Conclusions These results imply that there is a strong possibility of fat embolism syndrome after liposuction in real clinical practice, and the first 24-48 hours after the operation were found to be the most important period for preventing pulmonary embolism and progression to fulminating fat embolism syndrome.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 1970

Korea is one of the typical rice eating countries where availability of animal protein is limited even for the growing generation. Nutritive food products for infants and children are not available commercially in large scale at the present time, although a limited amount of expensive milk products are produced. The present study deals with a pioneering attempt on a new food mixture to meet this demand. Several food mixtures, possibly produced in the country, consisting of rice, soybean, FPC, vitamin, minerals and other food additives are developed in this work Sixty female and male rats aged $30{\sim}40$ days were divided into five groups, twelve rats each. The rats had been maintained with the six different diets, as follow. Formulation of proposed infant food mixturesComposition F-R-1 F-S-2 F-F-3 F-P-4 S Rice 100% 40% 37% 46% 70% Sugar - 12 13 10 70 Casein - - - - 20 Bean - 40 37 24 - Yeast - 3 2 3 - Mineral Vitamain - 2 4 2 4.3 F.P.C - 3 4 7 - Fat - - 4 8 4 Cod liver Oil - - - - 3 The findings of this study presented in FER, PER, final organ weights, body weights growth, percentage of nitrogen retention in the body. F-P-4 group tended to remain the heaviest and F-R-1 the lightest in the body weight among three groups throughout the experimental period. In terms of FER (Feed Efficiency Ratio) and PER (Prortein E. R.) value, F-P-4 group kept the highest record throughout. F-P-4 group showed the highest value of nitrogen retention in the body. In comparision between F-P-4 groups and casein 20% group (standard) in all respects of this experiment, F-P-4 group which is the most superior among experimental group, revealed statisfically no significant inferior than that of standard group. This fact could be interpreted that most limiting a. a., methionine in the soy protein produced little inferiority of the experimental groups in the study.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.259-264
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• 2010

This study was designed to investigate the effects of nitric oxide on the neuronal activity of rat cerebellar Purkinje cells. Sprague-Dawley rats aged 14 to 16 days were decapitated under ether anesthesia. After treatment with pronase and thermolysin, the dissociated Purkinje cells were transferred into a chamber on an inverted microscope. Spontaneous action potentials and potassium current were recorded by standard patch-clamp techniques under current and voltage-clamp modes respectively. 15 Purkinje cells revealed excitatory responses to $20\;{\mu}M$ of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and 4 neurons (20%) did not respond to SNP. Whole potassium currents of Purkinje cells were decreased by SNP (n=10). Whole potassium currents of Purkinje cells were also decreased by L-arginine, substrate of nitric oxide (n=10). These experimental results suggest that nitric oxide increases the neuronal activity of Purkinje cells by altering the resting membrane potential and after hyperpolarization.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1851-1858
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• 2010

Estrogen deficiency in peri- and postmenopausal women results in variety of neurovegetative, psychic and somatic symptoms, and may contribute to severe diseases within the aged female population. Ecklonia stolonifera (ES) is an edible brown algae traditionally used in fishery towns in Far East Asia. This study was performed to investigate the effects of ES extracts on blood flow and serum lipid concentration in ovariectomized rats. Weight-matched female Sprague-Dawley strain rats were assigned to four groups. Three groups were surgically ovariectomized (OVX). The fourth group was sham operated. Rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: sham-operated rats (Sham), ovariectomized control rats (OVX-CON), ovariectomized rats supplemented with ES extract at 50 mg/kg bw/day (OVX-ES50) and ovariectomized rats supplemented with ES extract at 200 mg/kg bw/day (OVX-ES200). Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride contents decreased in the sham group compared to the OVX-CON group. Six weeks feeding of ES extract resulted in a significant (p<0.05) lowering of serum triglyceride and a lowering tendency of total cholesterol level. The level of Hdl-cholesterol in serum increased by supplementation of ES extracts at 50 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg bw/day (p<0.05). Blood passage time of the ES extracts-supplemented group was higher than the OVX-CON group. The ability of platelet aggregation of groups treated with ES extracts was less than that of the OVX-CON group. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of ES extract may be used to possibly improve on the metabolic syndrome of menopausal women.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.884-892
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the increase of S-allylcysteine content, a biomarker of black garlic, during its aging period, as well as the serum lipid-lowering effects of black garlic extract in high fat diet fed rats. The highest content of S-allylcysteine was observed on the 15th day of the aging period. Sensory evaluation was also estimated to be extremely good on the 15th day of the aging period. High fat diet rats with induced hyperlipidemia were fed diets containing black garlic extract of low, medium, and high doses for 6 weeks. No significant difference in body weight gain and food efficiency was observed between normal, placebo and black garlic fed groups. Liver weight was significantly higher in black garlic fed groups than in the normal group. Total serum cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly lower in low, medium, and high dose groups than in the normal group. Also, HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher and LDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in black garlic diet fed groups than in the normal group. Hepatic levels including total lipid and cholesterol were especially decreased in the black garlic diet fed group than in the placebo group. These results suggest that black garlic intake reduces the levels of serum and hepatic cholesterol in high fat diet fed rats. In conclusion, black garlic has a potential to be used as a functional health food ingredient with beneficial effects on lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1464-1471
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• 2007

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder, leading to many complications including cognitive deficit. Regular exercise has often been recommended as a therapeutic maneuver to the diabetic patients for the prevention of secondary complications. In the present study, the effects of treadmill exercise on memory and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were investigated. Male SD rats, aged 6 weeks, were randomly assigned to the following three groups: control group(n=8), STZ-induced diabetic group(n=8), and STZ-induced diabetes and exercise group(n=8). Diabetes was induced by a single injection of STZ (50 mg/kg body weight). Treadmill running was conducted with duration and frequency of 30 minutes and 5 times per week, respectively, for 8 weeks. Memories were tested in the Morris water maze. Western blotting was performed to detect BDNF expression in the hippocampus. In this study, we found that compared to the control group, the STZ-induced diabetes group had a significantly impaired cognitive performance along with suppressed BDNF expression in the hippocampus and the exercise group had a higher cognitive function in diabetic rats. Therefore, the current findings of the study show that a treadmill running exercise can improve diabetes-induced impairment of cognitive function. And the improved cognitive function appears to be related to an alleviation in diabetes-induced BDNF expression in hippocampus.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.423-431
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• 2017

The present study was intended to orally administer aronia to rats, irradiate radiation once to the whole bodies of the rats, and conduct blood tests to observe, compare, and analyze changes in blood cells, such as leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets, in order to examine the radioprotective effects of aronia. As experimental animals, 15 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats aged six weeks weighing 200~250 g were taken and divided into the normal group (A) of five rats, the 5 Gy control group (B) of five rats, and the 5 Gy experimental group (C) of five rats. The normal group (A) was not~irradiated at all, the control group (B) was administered with general diets and irradiated, and the experimental group(C) was orally administered with 50 mg/kg/day of aronia two times per day to achieve a distilled water oral dose of 100 mg/kg/day and irradiated thereafter (5 Gy at 500 cGy/min) for 14 days. After the experiment, differences in leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets among the normal group (A), the control group (B), and the experimental group (C) were examined by comparing the counts of the blood cells and the results showed no statistically significant differences. However, on a detailed review, the normal group (A) showed statistically higher mean values for all of lymphocytes, hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin as compared to the control group (B) and the experimental group (C). Statistically significant differences in the counts of lymphocytes were shown between the normal group (A) and the control group (B), and between the normal group (A) and the experimental group (C); furthermore, statistically significant differences in mean corpuscular hemoglobin were shown between the normal group (A) and the experimental group (C). Given the results of the present study, in irradiated rats, aronia was generally considered as having no radioprotective effect on leukocyte, erythrocyte, and platelet while having statistically significant radioprotective effects on lymphocytes, hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Based on the present experiment, diverse studies should be conducted hereafter.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.750-761
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• 2021

This study was performed to observe the responses of angiogenesis-related protein expression in skeletal muscle of aged rats by regular resistance exercise training with aerobic exercise. For the purpose of the study, naturally aged SD rats (20-24 months, N=18) were used and divided into control (CON, n=6), resistance exercise (RE, n=6), and resistance + aerobic exercise (RE + AE, n=6) groups. RE group performed 3 sets × 4 exercises each session using a ladder for laboratory animals, and RE +AE group performed 2 sets × 3 times of ladder climbing and additional treadmill running (30 min) each session. After 8 weeks of exercise training, soleus muscle and extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) were extracted and used for analysis. Western blot was performed to analyze the expression levels of angiogenesis-related proteins (HIF-1α, VEGF, FLK-1, Ang-1, Ang-2) in skeletal muscle. As a result of the study, the expression of HIF-1α, VEGF, FLK-1, Ang-1, and Ang-2 proteins in soleus muscle (type I muscle) was higher in RE +AE than in CON group, and HIF-1α, VEGF, Ang-1, Ang-2 protein expression of RE group was higher than that of CON group. Furthermore, Ang-2 to Ang-1 ratio of RE + AE group was higher than that of RE group, showing differences by exercise type. In EDL muscle (type II muscle), HIF-1α was increased only by RE group, whereas VEGF and FLK-1 protein expressions were increased in both training types, and no difference was observed between the types of exercise training. In addition, there was no difference in angiopoieitin protein expressions in EDL muscle by exercise training. Therefore, in aging, regular exercise training induces skeletal muscle angiogenic response regardless of exercise type, and in particular, the combination of aerobic exercise with resistance exercise may have an additional positive effect on angiogenesis in type I muscle.

• 한국노년학
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.657-667
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• 2009

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of swimming exercise on growth-related telomere length and expression of TRF 2 in different tissues of SD rats. The telomere lengths of all the tissues analyzed were longer in the standard group than either in aged-control group or in two aged-exercise groups, suggesting growth-induced attrition of telomere lengths. On the other hand, it was also found that swimming exercise could attenuate this growth-related telomere attrition in the heart tissue of the long-term group only, with no significant attenuating effects of aerobic exercise on either liver telomere length or soleus muscle telomere length. Also, in the heart, TRF 2 expression was significantly lower in control group compare to standard group. But, there was significantly higher in long term exercise group compare to control group. There was positive correlation between telomere length and expression of TRF 2 in heart tissue. This study implies that the swimming exercise performed for longer periods of time can contribute to growth process of heart by regulation of telomere length and TRF 2 expression. In the growth process, the regular swimming exercise will provide a meaningful advantage for various physiological processes.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.165-179
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• 1991

This study was performed to understand the irradiation effects on the mandibular condyle and mandibular growth in developing white rats. Forty eight white male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain aged 4 weeks, were devided into two groups; control group and experimental group. A single target dose of l0Gy of radiation was given to the mandibular condylar area and the observations of the photo analysis, radiologic, histopathologic and immunohistochemical study revealed as follows; 1. Animals killed one week after irradiation showed lesser increase in body weights, no difference in photo analysis and decreased thickness of cartilagenous layers of the condyle than the control group. 2. Two weeks after irradiation the weight increases were almost same in both irradiated and control groups and in photo analysis, the distance from Mental Foramen to Incisal tip (Mf-It) was longer than the controls. Repair processes were taken place in irradiated group, but the cartilagenous layers were thinner than the controls. 3. By the third week after exposure further repair was seen in the trabeculae and the distance from Condylion to Mandibular plane (Cd-Cd') was longer than the controls and the weight increases were almost same as the controls. 4. At 4 weeks after irradiation the cells of proliferating zone repaired to almost normal findings, but the cartilagenous cell layers were still thinner than the control animals. In photo analysis, the distances from Menton to Anterior Notch (Me-An), from First Molar to Mandibular plane (Fm-Fm') were shorter and the weight increases were lesser than the controls. 5. In the S-100 antibody, the positive cells were increased in number, but decreased reactivities were seen at the proliferating zone of the irradiated groups. In the Monoclonal Anti-Proteoglycan antibody and Type Ⅰ collagen antibody, the irradiated groups showed little decreased number of positive cells and in the Type Ⅱ collagen antibody, the differences between irradiated and control groups were undetectable in immunohistochemical study.