• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.83-90
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• 2009

Natural disasters, such as the recent floods in the Midwest, Hurricane Ike in the Gulf coast region (U.S.), and the earthquake in Sichuan (China), cause severe damage to the infrastructure as well as the associated industries and communities that rely on the infrastructure. The estimated damages due to Hurricane Ike in 2008 were a staggering $27 billion, the third worst in U.S. history. In addition, the worst earthquake in three decades in Sichuan resulted in about 90,000 people dead or missing and $20 billion of the estimated loss. A common observation in the analyses of these natural disaster events is the inadequacy of critical infrastructure to withstand the forces of natural calamities and the lack of mitigation strategies when they occur on the part of emergency-related organizations, industries, and communities. If the emergency-related agencies could identify and fortify the vulnerable critical infrastructure in the preparedness stage, the damage and impacts can be significantly reduced. Therefore, it is important to develop a decision support system (DSS) for identifying region-specific mitigation strategies based on the inter-relationships between the infrastructure and associated industries and communities in the affected region. To establish effective mitigation strategies, relevant data were collected from the affected areas with respect to the technical, social, and economic impact levels. The data analysis facilitated identifying the major factors, such as vulnerability, criticality, and severity, for developing a DSS. Customized mitigation strategies that will help agencies prepare, respond, and recover according to the disaster response were suggested.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.288-292
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• 2023

In the foot, the lumbricals flex the metatarsophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints. The lumbricals are known to be affected in neuropathies. It is not known whether they may degenerate in normal individuals. Here, we report our findings of isolated degenerated lumbricals in seemingly normal feet of two cadavers. We explored lumbricals in 20 male and 8 female cadavers that were 60-80 years of age at the time of death. As part of routine dissection, we exposed the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus and the lumbricals. From the degenerated lumbricals, we took some tissue for paraffin-embedding, sectioning, and staining by hematoxylin and eosin, and Masson's trichrome technique. Of the 224 lumbricals studied, we found four apparently degenerated lumbricals in two male cadavers. In the first, the 2nd and 4th lumbricals in the left foot and the 2nd in the right foot were degenerated. In the second, the right 4th lumbrical was degenerated. Microscopically, the degenerated tissue was made of bundles of collagen. The lumbricals may have degenerated due to compression of their nerve supply. We cannot comment on whether the functionality of the feet were affected by these isolated degeneration of the lumbricals.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.93-102
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• 1996

The Korean Peninsula is located on the east coast of monsoon Asia of the midlatitude, where the Pacific polar front moves. As a result variations of spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation occur. A great variation of precipitation during the summer months created frequent droughts and floods. The purpose of this study is to identify distributional characteristics and to analyze synopic characteristics of summer droughts in Korea. The research methods used are ; (1) to identify droughts based on the anomaly of monthly precipitation during summer of 1994. (2) to analyze correlations between drought and weather systems by using the calender of rain days. (3) to compare a synoptic mechanism of summer droughts with that of typical normal summer. The characteristics of summer droughts of 1994 may be summarized as follows ; 1) While most regions were affected by the droughts some regions displayed specific characteristics. The southern part of the Korean Peninsula was severely affected during the month of June. August droughts severely affected east part of the Sobek Mountains, thus showing that the droughts of June and August are highly localized. 2) In the pressure anomaly of surface field. the positive anomaly appears in June around Korean Peninsula, but in July when all parts of the South Korea were under severe droughts, the anomaly changes and becomes negative. 3) Extracyclones occurred less frequently in the summer of 1994. Those that did occur were located in areas far off the Korean Peninsula having little consequences on the drought patterns. 4) The trough of westerly wave at 500hPa height patterns in June is located far from the eastern sea of Korean Peninsula, but in July and August Korean Peninsula belongs to ridge of westerly wave. 5) In June the positive height anomaly at 500hPa surface appears zonally from Siberia to the western Parts of North Pacific Ocean, and in July and August, the strong positive anomaly appears around Korean Peninsula. As a result the zonal index of westerlies at during each month of summer in Korean sector has a large value, which in turn implies that drought will prevails when zonal flow is strong.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.313-316
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• 2009

Synthesis of porous $CeO_2$ particles was investigated using various ionic liquids (ILs) as an effective template. The pore structure and crystalline phase of $CeO_2$ particles was affected significantly by the composition of ionic liquids. The strength of the hydrogen bonds on the anion part of ionic liquid was an essential factor to form the pore architecture of $CeO_2$ particles. Moreover, the length of alkyl group on the cation part of ionic liquid determined the pore size and surface area of $CeO_2$ particles. Among the ionic liquids, it was found that 1-Buthyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim][PF6]) was the most effective ionic liquid to synthesize the porous $CeO_2$ particle.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1864-1870
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• 2004

A spot welded structures have an influence on a diverse climatic situation, for instance temperature, humidity and precipitation. In addition factors of environmental pollution such as acid rain, that courses corrosion, have the tendency to increase. But spot welded structures strength is affected by humidity and environment temperature. Therefore, it is important to evaluate effect of temperature and water immersion on strength properties of spot welded part. In this study, the strength distribution of spot welded plates is evaluated the environmental temperature of zinc coated steel plates. Test is conducted with welded part immersed in distilled and synthetic sea water. Specimens are immersed into water for 10, 100, 500 and 1000 hours to evaluate the offsets of water immersion time on tensile-shear strength under the conditions of -40, 0, 20 and 5$0^{\circ}C$. From this result, spot welded specimens with 5 mm clearance have lower tensile-shear strength in the distilled water or synthetic sea water than without clearance. And they have lower tensile-shear strength under -4$0^{\circ}C$ and over 5$0^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.8 no.2 s.15
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• pp.207-215
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• 2004

In a hierarchical-bus multiprocessor system, cache coherence protocol has effect on system performance. Under a particular cache coherence protocol, system performance can be affected by bus bandwidth, memory size, and memory block size. Therefore sensitivity analysis is necessary for the part of multiprocessor system. In this paper, we set up cache coherence protocol for hierarchical-bus multiprocessor system, and compute probability of state of protocol, and analyze sensitivity for part of system by simulation.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1237-1246
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• 2015

A novel technique was proposed to calculate fluxes accurately by separation of flow area into a part of step face which is dominated by flow resistance of it and an upper part which is relatively less affected by the step face in analyzing shallow-water flows over discontinuous topography. This technique gives fairly good agreement with exact solutions, 3D simulations, and experimental results. It has been possible to directly analyze shallow-water flows over discontinuous topography by the technique developed in this study. It is expected to apply the developed technique to accurate evaluation of overflows over weirs or retaining walls (riverside roads) and areas flooded by the inundation in the city covered in discontinuous topography.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.33-39
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• 2005

Experiments are performed to study the mixed convection flow and heat transfer in an inclined parallel plates with the upper part cooled and the lower part heated uniformly. The Reynolds number ranges from $4.0{\times}10^{-3}\;to\;6.2{\times}10^{-2}$, the angle of inclination, ${\theta}$, from 0 to 45 degree from the horizontal line, and Pr of the high viscosity fluid is 909. In this paper, the PIV(Particle image velocimetry) with TLC(Thermo-sensitive liquid crystal) tracers is used for visualizing and analysis. This method allows simultaneous measurement of velocity and temperature field at a given instant of time. Quantitative data of the temperature and velocity are obtained by applying the color-image processing to a visualized image, and neural network is applied to the color-to-temperature calibration. This paper describes the methods, and presents the quantitative visualization of mixed convection. From this study, it is found that the flow pattern can be classified into three patterns which are affected by Reynolds number and the angle of inclination.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.2355-2363
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• 2002

The accompanying paper, Part 1, has presented the physical modeling and basic numerical analysis results of both the flow-induced and thermally-induced residual stress and birefringence in injection molded center gated disks. The present paper, Part II, has attempted to investigate the effects of various processing conditions of injection/compression molding process on the residual stress and birefringence. The birefringence is significantly affected by injection melt temperature, packing pressure and packing time. Birefringence in the shell layer increases as melt temperature gets lower. The inner peak of birefringence increases with packing time and packing pressure. On the other hand, packing pressure, packing time and mold wall temperature affect the thermally-induced residual stress rather significantly in the shell layer, but insignificantly in the core region. Injection/compression molding has been found to reduce the birefringence in comparison with the conventional injection molding process. In particular, mold closing velocity and initial opening thickness in the compression stage of injection/compression molding process have significant effect on the flow-induced birefringence, but not on tile thermal residual stress and the thermally induced birefringence.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 1988

The authors analyzed the daily catch data which were obtained from two different regions at the Southern Sea in Korea, Neungpo, Geoje island and Yangwhagum, Namhae island, during three or four years in 1978, 1981-1985, in order to know the fishing characteristics of the set net fisheries. The favorable fishing season was summer in the southern sea. The total catches during one year were greatly affected by those several day when the dominant species of fish were caught in large quantities. The dominant species of fish at Neungpo were little horse mackerel, sand lance, sardine, hair tail, spanish mackerel and common mackerel, and those at Yangwhagun were anchovy, little horse mackerel, sardine, spanish mackerel and gizzard shad, in order of catch. Especially, the little horse mackerel and the sardine appeared to make up very big schools at both Neungpo and Yangwhagum. The occurrence seasons of the dominant species were different by the region, but generally those were earlier at western part than at eastern part of the Southern Sea in Korea.