• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.271-281
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• 2011

The environmental education is based on the assumption that accurate knowledge and attitude could be linked to real action, but those have no effect on changing the behavior. To effect the change in behavior, we need to consider the reflective thinking which can make people change their behavior. The strategies to accelerate the reflective thinking are five steps of the reflective thinking process and the interaction through the discussion of students. And also, it is more proper if the contents are based on the real experiences of the students. Thus, this study tried to know whether the improvement of reflective thinking was able to affect to the environmental behavior. The environment education program was applied to the 60 elementary school 6th grade students in Gyeonggi-do and the survey methods were presented in the general experimental curriculum. To study 6th subjects (energy, harmful chemical material, heavy metal and agricultural chemicals, food additive, environmental friendly consumption, and recycle) was developed. This study shows the effect of the program on the environment knowledge, the environment behavior, the level of reflective-thinking and communication ability.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.371-389
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• 2011

A new strategy for cancer therapy has emerged during the past decade based on molecular targets that are less likely to be essential in all cells in the body, therefore confer a wider therapeutic window than traditional cytotoxic drugs which mechanism of action is to inhibit essential cellular functions. Exceptional heterogeneity and adaptability of cancer impose significant challenges in oncology drug discovery, and the concept of complex tumor biology has led the framework of developing many anticancer therapeutics. Protein kinases are the most pursued targets in oncology drug discovery. To date, 12 small molecule kinase inhibitors have been approved by US Food and Drug Administration, and many more are in clinical development. With demonstrated clinical efficacy of bortezomib, ubiquitin proteasome and ubiquitin-like protein conjugation systems are also emerging as new therapeutic targets in cancer therapy. In this review, strategies of targeted cancer therapies with inhibitors of kinases and proteasome systems are discussed. Combinational cancer therapy to overcome drug resistance and to achieve greater treatment benefit through the additive or synergistic effects of each individual agent is also discussed. Finally, the opportunities in the future cancer therapy with molecularly targeted anticancer therapeutics are addressed.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.452-472
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• 2019

Most existing wavelet-based multiplicative watermarking methods are affected by geometric attacks to a certain extent. A serious limitation of wavelet-based multiplicative watermarking is its sensitivity to rotation, scaling, and translation. In this study, we propose an image watermarking method by using dual-tree complex wavelet transform with a multi-objective optimization approach. We embed the watermark information into an image region with a high entropy value via a multiplicative strategy. The major contribution of this work is that the trade-off between imperceptibility and robustness is simply solved by using the multi-objective optimization approach, which applies the watermark error probability and an image quality metric to establish a multi-objective optimization function. In this manner, the optimal embedding factor obtained by solving the multi-objective function effectively controls watermark strength. For watermark decoding, we adopt a maximum likelihood decision criterion. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the proposed method by conducting simulations on benchmark test images. Experiment results demonstrate the imperceptibility of the proposed method and its robustness against various attacks, including additive white Gaussian noise, JPEG compression, scaling, rotation, and combined attacks.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.717-735
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• 2016

For teaching division-with-remainder(DWR) problems, it is necessary to know students' strategies and errors about DWR problems. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze students' strategies and errors of DWR problems and to make some meaningful suggestions for teaching various methods of solving DWR problems. We constructed a test which consists of fifteen DWR problems to investigate students' solving strategies and errors. These problems include mathematical as well as syntactic structures. To apply this test, we selected 177 students from eight elementary schools in various districts of Seoul. The results were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The sixth graders' strategies can be classified as follows : Single strategies, Multi strategies and Assistant strategies. They used Division(D) strategy, Multiplication(M) strategy, and Additive Approach(A) strategy as sub-strategies. We noticed that frequently used strategies do not coincide with strategies for their success. While students in middle group used Assistant strategies frequently, students in higher group used Single strategies frequently. The sixth graders' errors can be classified as follows : Formula error(F error), Calculation error(C error), Calculation Product error(P error) and Interpretation error(I error). In this study, there were 4 elements for syntaxes in problems : large number, location of divisor and dividend, divisor size, vocabularies. When students in lower group were solving the problems, F errors appeared most frequently. However, in case of higher group, I errors appeared most frequently. Based on these results, we made some didactical suggestions.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.35-51
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• 2005

The wide spread of Internet and rapid development of e-commerce-related technology have brought sweeping changes on the traditional commercial transactions. Accordingly, many efforts to transform these transactions electronically under e-commerce environment have been carried out. As most transactions are usually made through negotiations, the function of automated negotiation is also required in the e-commerce environment. This paper aims to develop the method to generate and evaluate the multi-attribute negotiation proposals for automated negotiation systems. To this end the related articles are reviewed and the method dealing with e-negotiation strategy is suggested. In this method, the seller generates his or her own negotiation proposal and then evaluates the buyer's proposal based on SAW (Simple Additive Weighting Method), one of the MADM (Multi Attribute Decision Making) methods. To verify the suggested method, a case study is conducted in the order-based manufacturing environment.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.809-820
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• 2018

DeNOx experiments for the effects of hydrocarbon additives on diesel SNCR process were conducted under oxidizing diesel exhaust conditions. A diesel-fueled combustion system was set up to simulate the actual cylinder and head, exhaust pipe and combustion products, where the reducing agent $NH_3$ and $C_2H_6/diesel$ fuel additives were separately or simultaneously injected into the exhaust pipe, used as the SNCR flow reactor. A wide range of air/fuel ratios (A/F=20~40) were maintained, based on engine speeds where an initial NOx level was 530 ppm and the molar ratios (${\beta}=NH_3/NOx$) ranged between 1.0~2.0, together with adjusting the amounts of hydrocarbon additives. Temperature windows were normally formed in the range of 1200~1350K, which were shifted downwards by 50~100K with injecting $C_2H_6/diesel$ fuel additives. About 50~68% NOx reduction was possible with the above molar ratios (${\beta}$) at the optimum flow #1 ($T_{in}=1260K$). Injecting a small amount of $C_2H_6$ or diesel fuel (${\gamma}=hydrocarbon/NOx$) gave the promising results, particularly in the lower exhaust temperatures, by contributing to the sufficient production of active radicals ($OH/O/HO_2/H$) for NOx reduction. Unfortunately, the addition of hydrocarbons increased the concentrations of byproducts such as CO, UHC, $N_2O$ and $NO_2$, and their emission levels are discussed. Among them, Injecting diesel fuel together with the primary reductant seems to be more encouraging for practical reason and could be suggested as an alternative SNCR DeNOx strategy under diesel exhaust systems, following further optimization of chemicals used for lower emission levels of byproducts.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.636-642
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• 2014

As environment problem became a worldwide issue, countries are tightening regulations regarding greenhouse gas reduction and improvement of air pollution problems. With these circumstances, one of the renewable energies produced from biomass is getting attention. Bio-ethanol, which is applicable to SI engine, showed a positive effect on the PFI (Port Fuel Injection) type. However, Ethanol has a problem in homogeneous mixture formation because it has high latent heat of vaporization characteristics and in the GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) type, mixture formation is required quickly after fuel injection. Particularly, South Korea is one of the countries with great temperature variation among seasons. With this reason, South Korea supply fuel additive for smooth engine operation during winter. Therefore, experimental study and investigation about application possibility of blending fuel is necessary. This paper demonstrates the spray characteristics by using the CVC direct injection and setting the bio-ethanol blending fuel temperature close to the temperature during each seasons: -7, 25, $35^{\circ}C$. The diameter and the width of the CVC are 86mm and 39mm. High-pressure fuel supply system was used for target injection pressure. High-speed camera was used for spray visualization. The experiment was conducted by setting the injection pressure and ambient pressure according to each temperature of bio-ethanol blending fuel as a parameter. The result of spray visualization experiment demonstrates that as the temperature of the fuel is lower, the atomization quality is lower, and this increase spray penetration and make mixture formation difficult. Injection strategy according to fuel temperature and bio-ethanol blending rate is needed for improving characteristics.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.343-364
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• 2017

Despite the significance of functional thinking at the elementary school level there has been lack of research on teachers who play a major role in making students be engaged in functional thinking. This study surveyed 119 elementary school teachers to investigate their knowledge of functional thinking for teaching. A written assessment for this study was developed with a focus on the knowledge of mathematical tasks and instructional strategies to teach functional thinking. The results of this study showed that many teachers were able to design tasks corresponding to both the additive relationship and the multiplicative relationship, and to justify some strategies to promote functional thinking. However, some teachers had lack of understanding with regard to the core ideas of functional thinking. Based on these results this study is expected to suggest implications on what aspects of knowledge are further needed for elementary school teachers to promote students' functional thinking.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.185-193
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• 2011

To investigate the influences of candidate genes on the birth weight and the early stages of life, genotyping of the prolactin receptor 3 (PRLR3) and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) genes was performed in 156 and 141 Berkshire pigs, respectively. The frequency of both PRLR3 alleles A and a was 0.50. The frequencies of the RBP4 alleles B and b were 0.42 and 0.58, respectively. Neither locus was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No significant associations of the PRLR3 alleles with birth or weaning weights and of the RBP4 alleles with birth weight were observed. The proportions of the phenotype variances due to the genotypes of PRLR3 in the feeder weights was 4.0% and those of RBP4 in the weaning and feeder weights were 11.9 and 3.3%, respectively (P < 0.05). The dominance effect of PRLR3 and RBP4 on feeder weights was 2.40 and -1.86 kg, respectively (P < 0.01). The additive and dominance effects of RBP4 on weaning weights were 0.332 and -0.682 kg, respectively (P < 0.01). Even if no significant epistasis of PRLR3 and RBP4 was detected, a considerable trend of consistent positive epistasis estimates of AA/BB and Aa/Bb was observed for all traits. The results of this study may have a considerable impact on early-stage growth by both loci, and a selection strategy should be designed separately for each marker in Berkshire pigs.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.57-65
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• 2016

Academia-industrial cooperation policy is essential to enhance national competitiveness in Korea. Although government and academia have invested in policies and supported industries, academia-industrial cooperation is not operated actively. This is one of the reasons why industrial demand for cooperation has continuously decreased. There are thoughts that universities' outcomes are larger than colleges' outcomes in academia-industrial cooperation, which could be a barrier to academia-industrial cooperation for colleges. It is important to understand industry demands in order to activate this type of cooperation. We propose a way to achieve this based on survey data for 3D printing and college graduates. Interactive cooperation among industries, colleges, and universities is suggested in the process of technical commercialization, such as TRL (Technology Readiness Level).