• Title/Summary/Keyword: absolute value

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Auto - tuning of PID Controllers with IMC Structure (IMC 구조를 갖는 PID 제어기의 자동 동조)

  • Cho, Joon-Ho;Hwang, Hyung-Soo
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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    • v.46 no.3
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    • pp.8-14
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    • 2009
  • In this paper, it is proposed that the design of the PID controller with the internal model control structure for improved performance. Internal model was identification that is second-order plus dead time structure using final-value theorem and genetic algorithm The parameters of Controller are determined to minimize IAE(Integral of the Absolute value of the Error) and ITAE(Integral of the Time multiplied by the Absolute value of the Error) of performance index by internal model and numerical method. Simulation examples are given to show the better performance of the proposed method than conventional methods.

Comparison with Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of Menthol Cigarettes between Expert and Consumer Panel

  • Lee Seung-Yong;Lee Whan-Woo;Kim Young-Hoh
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.58-66
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    • 2006
  • Threshold limit value (TLV) test between expert and consumer panel was conducted about absolute, recognition and difference threshold respectively. And we tried to suggest appropriate and minimum acceptable menthol concentration level by consumer panel. Determination of threshold value was based on ASTM E 679-79 method by forced-choice ascending concentration series. In addition, a semi-ascending paired difference method was referred to conduct test. The group threshold value was determined as the value of geometric mean individual threshold. The smokers were dividend by two groups, trained and consumer panel. Trained panel was selected according to sensitivity to menthol discrimination. Consumer panel wasrecruited in proportion as population ratios including female smokers. They were all over twenty years old volunteers and summed up thirty four persons. In terms of sensor evaluation, overall difference test with seven-category scale by both trained and consumer panelists were done. On judging correct or incorrect answer, two by three cut-off levels applied to. Every test was conducted with two sessions, before smoking and during smoking period. And, only two samples served each paneI per test with regard to sensory fatigue and reliable results. All tests were replicated, and in total 32 times per panelist. In conclusion, the recognition threshold about consumer and expert panel was 358 ppm/cig. and 276 ppm/cig. in separately. Besides, absolute and difference thresholds were obtained also. And, we conduct difference threshold test with two different ways, upward and downward. And, The results of each method were 246, 195 ppm/cig., 1414, 1336 ppm/cig. and 1047, 972 ppm/cig.

A Study on Space Recognition Change of the High School Students according to Geographic Information Quantities - Focused on Factors Influencing the Land Value - (지리 정보량에 따른 고등학생의 공간 인식 변화에 대한 연구 - 지가 형성 요인을 중심으로 -)

  • Shin, Yeong-Jae
    • Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.443-458
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    • 2011
  • The purpose of this study is to research space recognition change of the high school students according to geographic information quantities, focused on Factors Influencing the Land Value. The region of case study was some places of Songtan Special Tourism Zone, which responding students were unfamiliar with. The results are as follows. First, through the results of analysing 'the highest valued standard land and choice reasons' in two ㄴregions of the old town and the new town, it is perceived that the relative factor of land is more important than the absolute factor as the factors influencing the land value of the highest valued standard land. Second, there are students' recognition differences in the choice reasons of the highest valued standard land of two regions which have different characteristics. Third, though in the same region, recognitions about factors influencing the land value change according to geographic information quantities, and as students' knowledge about geographic information increases, the choice rate of the highest valued standard land increases. Lastly, it is perceived that there is a facility which has a decisive effect on formating the land value of a certain region.

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Software development for the visualization of brain fiber tract by using 24-bit color coding in diffusion tensor image

  • Oh, Jung-Su;Song, In-Chan;Ik hwan Cho;Kim, Jong-Hyo;Chang, Kee-Hyun;Park, Kwang-Suk
    • Proceedings of the KSMRM Conference
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    • 2002.11a
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    • pp.133-133
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    • 2002
  • Purpose: The purpose of paper is to implement software to visualize brain fiber tract using a 24-bit color coding scheme and to test its feasibility. Materials and Methods: MR imaging was performed on GE 1.5 T Signa scanner. For diffusion tensor image, we used a single shot spin-echo EPI sequence with 7 non-colinear pulsed-field gradient directions: (x, y, z):(1,1,0),(-1,1,0),(1,0,1),(-1,0,1),(0,1,1),(0,1,-1) and without diffusion gradient. B-factor was 500 sec/$\textrm{mm}^2$. Acquisition parameters are as follows: TUTE=10000ms/99ms, FOV=240mm, matrix=128${\times}$128, slice thickness/gap=6mm/0mm, total slice number=30. Subjects consisted of 10 normal young volunteers (age:21∼26 yrs, 5 men, 5 women). All DTI images were smoothed with Gaussian kernel with the FWHM of 2 pixels. Color coding schemes for visualization of directional information was as follows. HSV(Hue, Saturation, Value) color system is appropriate for assigning RGB(Red, Green, and Blue) value for every different directions because of its volumetric directional expression. Each of HSV are assigned due to (r,$\theta$,${\Phi}$) in spherical coordinate. HSV calculated by this way can be transformed into RGB color system by general HSV to RGB conversion formula. Symmetry schemes: It is natural to code the antipodal direction to be same color(antipodal symmetry). So even with no symmetry scheme, the antipodal symmetry must be included. With no symmetry scheme, we can assign every different colors for every different orientation.(H =${\Phi}$, S=2$\theta$/$\pi$, V=λw, where λw is anisotropy). But that may assign very discontinuous color even between adjacent yokels. On the other hand, Full symmetry or absolute value scheme includes symmetry for 180$^{\circ}$ rotation about xy-plane of color coordinate (rotational symmetry) and for both hemisphere (mirror symmetry). In absolute value scheme, each of RGB value can be expressed as follows. R=λw|Vx|, G=λw|Vy|, B=λw|Vz|, where (Vx, Vy, Vz) is eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue of diffusion tensor. With applying full symmetry or absolute value scheme, we can get more continuous color coding at the expense of coding same color for symmetric direction. For better visualization of fiber tract directions, Gamma and brightness correction had done. All of these implementations were done on the IDL 5.4 platform.

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Max-based Analog Absolute Circuits with Small Error (작은 에러를 갖는 Max 회로 기반 아날로그 절대값 계산 회로)

  • Prasad sah, Maheshwar;Lin, Hai-Ping;Yang, Chang-Ju;Lee, Jun-Ho;Kim, Hyong-Suk
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.248-255
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    • 2009
  • Error is the major problem in communication system. Absolute circuit is one of the most important building blocks to implement for the error measurement in communication system as well as in analog circuit design. The main goal of this paper is to design a circuit with high accuracy and minimum error performance. In this paper, a new current mode absolute circuit is implemented to calculate the absolute value of two signals. This new design shows enhanced performance and low distortion over the previous implementation. The proposed circuit is simulated using Hspice and implemented in analog viterbi decoder. It is very suitable for implementing in error calculation for the large scale integrated circuit. Hspice simulation results of previous and new one circuit are reported.

A Study on Targer Factor Value of Port State Control Inspection Using Absolute Measurement (절대평가법을 이용한 항만국통제 점검 표적점수 평가에 관한 연구)

  • Jang, Woon-Jae
    • Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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    • v.34 no.6
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    • pp.471-477
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    • 2010
  • In recently, IMO consider including an marine casualty factor when Port State Control Inspection evaluate.. This paper proposes an evaluation to Target Factor Values of Port State Control Inspections(PSCITFV) using absolute measurement. To this solve, therefore, this paper used the absolute measurement which is informed compensate the defect and the more rational and objective methode, checked the effectiveness to compare an result with absolute measurement and PSCITFV of Tokyo MOU using Wilcoxson test. Finally, rate change of PSC was investigated by an experiment which changed the values of evaluation factors. As a result, it was evaluation factors of high rate change that was detention, ship's age, casualty factors. Therefore, this factors have to a priority management to do for prevent of PSC.

Absolute Altitude Determination for 3-D Indoor and Outdoor Positioning Using Reference Station (기준국을 이용한 실내·외 절대 고도 산출 및 3D 항법)

  • Choi, Jong-Joon;Choi, Hyun-Young;Do, Seoung-Bok;Kim, Hyun-Soo
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.40 no.1
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    • pp.165-170
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    • 2015
  • The topic of this paper is the advanced absolute altitude determination for 3-D positioning using barometric altimeter and the reference station. Barometric altimeter does not provide absolute altitude because atmosphere pressure always varies over the time and geographical location. Also, since Global Navigation Satellites system such as GPS, GLONASS has geometric error, the altitude information is not available. It is the reason why we suggested the new method to improve the altitude accuracy. This paper shows 3-D positioning algorithm using absolute altitude determination method and evaluates the algorithm by real field tests. We used an accurate altitude from RTK system in Seoul as a reference data and acquired the differential value of pressure data between a reference station and a mobile station equipped in low cost barometric altimeter. In addition, the performance and advantage of the proposed method was evaluated by 3-D experiment analysis of PNS and CNS. We expect that the proposed method can expand 2-D positioning system 3-D position determination system simply and this 3-D position determination technique can be very useful for the workers in the field of fire-fighting and construction.

A Study on Transient Grounding Performance of Ground Rods

  • Yun Dong-Hyeon;Lee Hyeong-Su;Lee Gwan Hyeong
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Industrial Safety Conference
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    • 2002.11a
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    • pp.281-285
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    • 2002
  • Although DC ground resistance is a good index of performance for a grounding system, it does not reflect the grounding performance during the transient states. Besides, impulse ground impedance, which is defined by a ratio of the peak value of transient ground potential rise to the peak value of impulse current, cannot be an absolute performance index due to its dependence on impulse current shape. In this paper, a grounding performance of needle-typed ground rod has been compared with simple ground rod using HIFREQ[1], which is an engineering electro-magnetic code based on MoM (Method of Moment).

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On-Line Determination of dn/dc for Size Exclusion Chromatography Coupled with a Light Scattering Detector

  • 이희정;장태현
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.16 no.7
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    • pp.640-643
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    • 1995
  • The internal standard method, which is widely used in chromatographic techniques, is applied to the size exclusion chromatography for the on-line determination of dn/dc value of the sample. This method is found to provide the dn/dc value with suitable accuracy in determining the absolute molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution of the polymers when a light scattering detector is used.

A Study on the Recognition Characteristics of the High School Students in Seoul about the Factors Influencing the Land Value (지가 형성 요인에 대한 서울시 고등학생들의 인식 특성 연구)

  • Shin, Yeong-Jae
    • Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.59-75
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    • 2010
  • This study analyzed on the recognition characteristics of high school students in Seoul about the factors influencing the land value. The results are as follows; First, when the factors influencing the land value was divided into 'the factors related with the publicly assessed land value' and 'the unrelated factors.' Students recognized that the former had more influence on the land value than the latter. Second, students recognized that 'the relative factors of land' had more influence on the land value than 'the absolute factors of land'. Third, as a result of checking how much five evaluation criterions influence on the recognition characteristics about the factors influencing the land value, the distance to major facilities had the most influence on the recognition, while the situation of land use had the weakest one. Among 13 factors, the distance from the convenience facilities was most influential and the shape of the land was least influential. Fourth, there was a gap between recognition of choosing the highest land value areas and the lowest land value areas and recognition of degree that the factor influencing the land value had an effect on the land value. Lastly, when the result of recognition about factors influencing the land value and the land value ranking was compared with the result of the co-relation between the land value and factors influencing the land value of the real region, either similar or different results were shown.

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