• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.56-60
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• 1975

A rapid method for the measurement of the absolute activity of carbon-14 in cotyledons and root of etiolated pea seedlings has been developed. Fresh tissue was frozen in liquid air, ground and suspended in gel phosphor and subjected to measurement for its radioactivity by liquid scintillation counter. Apparent activity of the suspended tissue sample calculated by counting efficiency value obtained by internal standardisation, was found to be related to absolute activity of the tissue, determined by flask combustion technique, by a constant factor. Once this factor is determined experimentally, analysis of C-14 lebelled tissue involves only fairly simple suspension counting by liquid scintillation counter. Present method appears to be applicable to other tissues tagged with C-14.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 1998

The absolute absorbed dose can be determined according to the measurement conditions ; measurement material, detector, energy and calibration protocols. The purpose of this study is to compare the absolute absorbed dose due to the differences of measurement condition and calibration protocols for photon beams. Dosimetric measurements were performed with a farmer type PTW and NEL ionization chambers in water, solid water, and polystyrene phantoms using 6MV photon beams from Siemens linear accelerator. Measurements were made along the central axis of $10{\times}10cm$ field size for constant target to surface distance of 100cm for water, solid water and polystyrene phantom. Theoretical absorbed dose intercomparisons between TG21 and IAEA protocol were performed for various measurement combinations on phantom, ion chamber, and electrometer. There were no significant differences of absorbed dose value between TG2l and IAEA protocol. The differences between two protocols are within $1\%\;while\;the\;average\;value\;of\;IAEA\;protocol\;was\;0.5\%$ smaller than TG2l protocol. For the purpose of comparison, all the relative absorbed dose were nomalized to NEL ion chamber with Keithley electrometer and water phantom, The average differences are within $1\%,\;but\;individual\;discrepancies\;are\;in\;the\;range\;of\;-2.5\%\;to\;1.2\%$ depending upon the choice of measurement combination. The largest discrepancy of $-25\%$ was observed when NEL ion chamber with Keithley electrometer is used in solid water phantom. The main cause for this discrepancy is due to the use of same parameters of stopping power, absorption coefficient, etc. as used in water phantom. It should be mentioned that the solid water phantom is not recommended for absolute dose calibration as the alternative of water, since absorbed dose show some dependency on phantom material other than water. In conclusion, the trend of variation was not much dependent on calibration protocol. However, It shows that absorbed dose could be affected by phantom material other than water.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.107-114
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• 1990

Optical resolution of aminoalcohols had been achived efficiently by use of (R)-2,2'-dihydroxy-l,1'-binaphtholphosphoric acid as the resolving agent in various organic solvents. Racemic aminoalcohols were resolved very easily and high enantiomer yield (about 70% e,e) in THF. On the other hand, absolute configuration of resolved aminoalcohol was (R)-configuration but one of the Valinnol and Phhenylglycinol was anti-type because of sterichindrance.Optical resolution of aminoalcohols had been achived efficiently by use of (R)-2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphtholphosphoric acid as the resolving agent in various organic solvents. Racemic aminoalcohols were resolved very easily and high enantiomer yield (about 70% e,e) in THF. On the other hand, absolute configuration of resolved aminoalcohol was (R)-configuration but one of the Valinnol and Phhenylglycinol was anti-type because of sterichindrance.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.24_2
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• pp.197-229
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to determine the property of Daesoon thought in theory of God. The difference with precedent research is that this study catch the point in which theism as theology conflicts ontology as philosophy. It is elusive without philosophical analysis to detect this point for reasons of religious expression on scriptures. To find this point is beginning of academic communication at religious position. So I tried to draw boundary between theology and philosophy in Daesoon thought so as to apprehend Daesoon thought treats the contradiction of that. The contradiction is found that hierarchy between Sangje and taegeuk reverses on Daesoon thought. Fundamentally two substance can't be arranged to ontology but only one can be. It seems that Daesoon thought has got antinomy. However superiority of Daesoon thought is appeared at this point. The antinomy is just the process to absolute truth of Tao. That is a progressive system of thought in both religious and philosophical aspect. Finally, the result of this study can be organized with five items. First is to get new direction to study of Daesoon thought to catch the clash between theology and ontology. Second is that Daesoon thought can communicate the mainstream philosophy like Hegel's while the argumentation makes progress with Hegel's thought. Third is that Daesoon thought has originality in ontology of tao, mugeuk, tageuk as compared with neo-Confucianism. Forth is that theology of Daesoon thought has the possibility to peace among religions. Fifth is that Daesoon thought transcends religion and philosophy to absolute truth. Particularly, the noteworthy item is about peace among religions as theme of religious practice as the needs of times. The conflict of religion is very serious impact to historic future. So Daesoon thought suggests that all the religions harmonize with each other in universality and respect each other in distinctiveness. It makes it possible to aims for world peace beyond theory to practical orientation on religious creed. In history of philosophy the dialetic of Hegel is the very adequate to explain that principle. Hegel argued that human mind can reach to the absolute knowledge at 『Phänomenologie des Geistes』. He elucidates the process that mind attain the absolute knowledge through movement of negation at 『Phänomenologie des Geistes』. The dialetics leads all the process of mind to finality of the absolute spirit.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.103-138
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is: (1) to compare the awareness of inequality concept between Korea and other countries using the survey, (2) to identify whether several inequality measures, which have diverse concepts, are different in empirical aspect, and (3) to suggest the direction for the income distribution policy in Korea. The results of the survey has shown a surprising fact in that the majority of respondents do not agree with the basic assumptions outlined by Gini coefficient, which is the relative inequality measures that had been generally accepted in the past. These results are very similar to those of other countries. However, the major difference with other countries is that the Koreans feel that absolute income inequality-the income gap between the poor and rich, has increased more than relative income inequality, when all incomes of social members are doubled. From the result it is difficult to say that the bi-polarization index is different from Gini coefficient in statistical aspect although it has different theoretical background. The national development strategy should seek to promote "the pro-poor growth" since the change of inequality affect differently on the change of growth and inequality depending on whether the inequality change is relative or absolute.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.107-117
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• 2003

Objective: This study was examined for effects of acupuncture of Zusanli(ST36) on the facial thermography in health subjects. Methods: The voiunteers who participating in this study had taken rest for 15 mins in room temperature ($19-21^{\circ}C$) before the examination and informed them what to prohibit smoking. drinking and administration of drug for the previous day. The thermography of face was taken using Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging (D.I.T.I.: Dorex. DTI-16UT1. U.S.A.) by time interval of 35 minutes at 15 min before and 20 min after acupuncture stimuiation. Thermal temperature of Daying(ST5). Juliao(ST3) and Quanliao(SI18) was measured and compared. Results: The results showed that acupuncture of Zusanli(ST36) significantly decreased the Absolute defference of temperature between Daying(ST5) and Juliao(ST3) (p<0.05, Data were represented meant ${\pm}$S.E.M.(n=33)). The results showed that acupuncture of Zusanli(ST36) significantly decreased the Absolute defference of temperature between Quanliao(SI18) and Juliao(ST3)(p<0.01, Data were represented mean${\pm}$S.E.M. (n=33)). But, acupuncture of Zusanli(ST36) particularly decreased the absolute defference of temperature between Daying(ST5) and Quanliao(SI18). Also. it was observed that acupuncture of ST36 decreased variety of the color tone of thermographic contour line and decreased thermal distribution. Conclusions: The results showed that acupuncture of Zusanli(ST36) significantly decreased the absolute defference of temperature of partial facial surface. Hereafter. study about if acupuncture of Zusanli(ST36) significantly decrease the absolute defference of temperature of all the areas of facial surface is requested. Also. continued study of effects of acupuncture of other meridian on the facial thermography is requested.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1493-1499
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• 2003

This study was examined for effects of acupuncture of Chok-Samni(ST36) on the facial thermography in health subjects, The volunteers who participating in this study had taken rest for 15 mins in room temperature (19-21 ℃) before the examination and informed them what to prohibit smoking, drinking and administration of drug for the previous day, The thermography of face was taken using Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging (D.I.T.I. : Dorex, DTI-16UT1, U.S.A.) by time interval of 35 minutes at 15 min before and 20 min after acupuncture stimulation. Thermal temperature of Yangbaek(GB14), Myon-koryo(ST3) and Chichang(ST4) was measured and compared, The results showed that acupuncture of Chok-Samni(ST36) decreased the Absolute difference of temperature between Myon-koryo(ST3) and Chichang(ST4) (p<0,05, Data were represented mean±S,E.M.(n=33)), But, acupuncture of Chok-Samni(ST36) particularly decreased the absolute difference of temperature between Yangbaek(GB14) and Chichang(ST4) and particularly decreased the absolute difference of temperature between Vangbaek(GB14) and Myon-koryo(ST3) (p<0,05, Data were represented mean±S,E.M.(n=33)). Also, it was observed that acupuncture of Chok-Samni(ST36) decreased variety of the color tone of thermographic contour line and decreased thermal distribution. The results showed that acupuncture of Chok-5amni(ST36) significantly decreased the absolute difference of temperature of partial facial surface. Hereafter, study about if acupuncture of Chok-Samni(ST36) significantly decrease the absolute difference of temperature of all the areas of facial surface is requested. Also, continued study of effects of acupuncture of other meridian on the facial thermography is requested.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.159-168
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• 2015

Aggregate Production Planning determines levels of production, human resources, inventory to maximize company's profits and fulfill customer's demands based on demand forecasts. Since performance of aggregate production planning heavily depends on accuracy of given forecasting demands, choosing an accurate forecasting method should be antecedent for achieving a good aggregate production planning. Generally, typical forecasting error metrics such as MSE (Mean Squared Error), MAD (Mean Absolute Deviation), MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error), and CFE (Cumulated Forecast Error) are utilized to choose a proper forecasting method for an aggregate production planning. However, these metrics are designed only to measure a difference between real and forecast demands and they are not able to consider any results such as increasing cost or decreasing profit caused by forecasting error. Consequently, the traditional metrics fail to give enough explanation to select a good forecasting method in aggregate production planning. To overcome this limitation of typical metrics for forecasting method this study suggests a new metric, WACFE (Weighted Absolute and Cumulative Forecast Error), to evaluate forecasting methods. Basically, the WACFE is designed to consider not only forecasting errors but also costs which the errors might cause in for Aggregate Production Planning. The WACFE is a product sum of cumulative forecasting error and weight factors for backorder and inventory costs. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed metric by conducting intensive experiments with demand data sets from M3-competition. Finally, we showed that the WACFE provides a higher correlation with the total cost than other metrics and, consequently, is a better performance in selection of forecasting methods for aggregate production planning.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.315-324
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• 2004

In eddy current testing(ECT), differential probes have been frequently used since they .an reduce the number of parameters that influence ECT signals. However, differential signal is actually the difference of the two coils' impedance so that signal prediction and interpretation are not easy, On the other hand, absolute coil signal is rather straightforward to predict and analyze. Therefore, combined use of the two types of signals would increase the test reliability. In this paper, absolute coil signals from Inconel plate and tubes are predicted by the finite element analysis and efforts of lift-off, fill-factor, conductivity, operating frequency, test specimen thickness, inner diameter defects, and outer diameter defects are investigated. As a result, various impedance plane diagrams are drawn and analyzed. Significant practical knowldege about absolute signals is accumulated and similar characteristics of the two types of signal could be understood. Finally, slope angle versus defect depth calibration corves are prepared for three different frequencies.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.2310-2316
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• 1997

This paper presents a comparative performance analysis of the stochastic gradient adaptive algorithm based on the least mean absolute third (LMAT) error criterion with other widely-used competing adaptive algorithms. Under the assumption that the signals involved are zero-mean, wide-sense stationary and Gaussian, approximate expressions that characterize the steady-state mean-squared estimation error of the algorithm is dervied. The validity of our derivation is then confirement by computer simulations. The convergence speed is compared under the condition that the LMAT and other competing algorithms converge to the same value for the mean-squared estimation error in the stead-state, and superior convergence property of the LMAT algorithm is observed. In particular, it is shown that the LMAT algorithm converges faster than other algorithms even through the eignevalue spread ratio of the input signal and measurement noise power change.