• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.199-208
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• 2003

A new technique was proposed for the determination of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A in tap water samples. The sample preparation consists of a solid phase extraction (SPE) of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A from a water sample with XAD-4 and subsequent conversion to isobutyloxycarbonyl (isoBOC) derivatives or tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) derivatives for sensitive analysis with the CC/MS SIM mode. The recoveries were 86.6 ∼ 105.2％ (isoBOC derivatization) and 97.6∼484.5％ (TBDMS derivatization), respectively. The limit of quantitation of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol h for SIM were 0.001∼0.050 $\mu\textrm{g}$/1 (isoBOC derivatization) and 0.003∼0.050 $\mu\textrm{g}$/1 (TBDMS derivatization). The SIM responses were linear with the correlation coefficient varying 0.9755∼0.9981 (isoBOC derivatization), and 0.9908∼0.9996 (TBDMS derivatization). When these methods were applied to tap water samples, the range of concentrations were 22.8∼31.3 ng/1 in 2,4-dichlorophenol, 28.6∼70.3 ng/1 in pentachlorophenol, 15.2∼17.4 ng/1 in t-butylphenol, 10.8∼13.2 ng/1 in t-octylphenol and 17.6∼36.3 ng/l in bisphenol A, respectively.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.183-192
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• 1997

Pressure pain thresholds are routinely used in orofacial pain research to evaluate the response of deep orofacial tissues to mechanical stimulation. Like other psychophysical measurements, however, this technique must stimulate cutaneous tissues before stimulating deeper tissues. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of the cutaneous hypoesthesia on the pressure pain threshold in 30 healthy volunteers. PPTs were determined with electric pressure algometry over masseter, temporalis anterior, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius muscle before and after skin hypoesthesia. A local anesthetic cream and a control cream were applied following a placebo-controlled double-blind design and PPTs were reassessed. Two examiners measured PPTs two times on each muscles, randomly. And the EMG activity of all muscles were measured to evaluate the relationship with PPTs. The collected data were processed by SAS/STAT program. The obtained results were as follows : 1. There were a tendency to increase PPTs after than before cutaneous hypoesthesia, but, there were no significant difference statistically. 2. PPTs were consistently higher in anterior temporalis than in masseter muscle. 3. In all occasions, PPTs were higher in males than in females(p<0.001). 4. A statistically significant correlation was obtained from values of intra-examiners and inter-examiners in all measured muscles. 5. A significantly positive correlation was not found between PPT and functional EMG activity.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2023

Objective: Patients with scoliosis complain of various symptoms such as muscle imbalance, dysfunction, back pain, abnormal posture and gait abnormality. The most basic treatment for scoliosis is to observe the progress based on conservative treatment. Therefore, in this case report, the effect of cytoskeletal manual therapy (CMT), a soft tissue mobilization technique, on pain intensity, muscle thickness, and pressure pain threshold (PPT) in a patient with scoliosis was investigated. Design: A case report Methods: A 25-year-old male diagnosed with scoliosis visited the Neuromusculoskeletal Science Laboratory with chronic back pain. In the laboratory, scoliosis was confirmed through the X-ray image used for his diagnosis, and it was confirmed again through Adam's forward bending test. Pain, pressure pain threshold and muscle thickness were measured to compare the immediate effects of CMT applied in the laboratory for 40 minutes. Treatments were visited two weeks after the first visit and outcome measures were assessed after a total of two visits. Results: After receiving CMT up to the second session, the pain intensity decreased by 4 points and the screening angle decreased by 15 degrees. Muscle thickness decreased in all but 10 mm on the dominant side of the thoracic spine. All of the PPTs increased, and the greatest increase was 3.1 lb on the dominant side of the thoracic spine. Conclusions: CMT showed positive improvement in pain during trunk flexion, spinal curvature, muscle imbalance, and pressure pain, which is considered as an ancillary treatment option for scoliosis management.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2016

This paper was built for an activation of a merged education and development of non-subject, new type creative merged education program having effectivities. This program is disciplined a kind of flipped learning and camp program of 2 nights and 3 days. Given a problem which big enough and open-ended problem, multidisciplinary team that composed with engineering and design major students works the capstone design project. For ordinary engineering design process, 'how can we make?' was important. But in this program 'what can we make?' is more serious question. Our program was pursuing an creative idea that can induce innovation. Teaching or interference of professors was minimized and then students solve the problem theirselves by long time and liberal brainstorming. Last products is not real goods and only a proposal for manufacturing. Finally, the results are presented using ppt and board. After not only professors but also students of other teams can ask a question, resolve and comment on that proposal. The benefits of this program are that inner members of university take a whole process from planning and working to last evaluation. Besides economic benefit, they can secure an infrastructure for development of creative merged education program by running for several times and so can improve the program continuously. For an aspect of students, they can respond to recently highlighted creative experiences that required for recruitment.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.391-399
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• 2020

Brittleness is one of the most important properties of rock which has a major impact not only on the failure process of intact rock but also on the response of rock mass to tunneling and mining projects. Due to the lack of a universally accepted definition of rock brittleness, a wide range of methods, including direct and indirect methods, have been developed for its measurement. Measuring rock brittleness by direct methods requires special equipment which may lead to financial inconveniences and is usually unavailable in most of rock mechanic laboratories. Accordingly, this study aimed to develop a new strength-based index for predicting rock brittleness based on the obtained base form. To this end, an innovative algorithm was developed in Matlab environment. The utilized algorithm finds the optimal index based on the open access dataset including the results of punch penetration test (PPT), uniaxial compressive and Brazilian tensile strength. Validation of proposed index was checked by the coefficient of determination (R²), the root mean square error (RMSE), and also the variance for account (VAF). The results indicated that among the different brittleness indices, the suggested equation is the most accurate one, since it has the optimal R², RMSE and VAF as 0.912, 3.47 and 89.8%, respectively. It could finally be concluded that, using the proposed brittleness index, rock brittleness can be reliably predicted with a high level of accuracy.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.88-93
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• 2001

To measure the levels of dioxins in food selling at local markets, meat was analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution ass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). The food samples were obtained from 5 large cities of Seoul, Chunchon, Daejon, Kwangju and Busan in Korea. All the samples were minced and extracted with Soxhlet extractor for 18 hours. After extraction, extracts were cleaned up by sulfuric acid impregnated silica gel, purified on a series of silica gel, alumina, carbon column chromatography and then analyzed by HRGC/HRMS. The contaminated levels were calculated as the TEQs by multiplying with the corresponding WHO-TEFs for each congeners. The overall recoveries were ranged from 80% to 153% and the limit of detection was about 0.01 ppt at S/N>3. The levels of PCDD/Fs for beef, pork and chicken were 0.018, 0.008 and <0.001 pgTEQ/g, respectively. In addition, the levels of non-ortho-co-planar PCBs for beef, pork and chicken were 0.008, 0.002 and 0.001 pgTEQ/g, respectively. Among food samples analyzed, chicken showed the lowest level of dioxin-like compounds. Regarding congener pattern, OCDD and PCB #77 were the highest contributing congeners.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.96-103
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to confirm the effectiveness of learner-centered teaching models to reduce the dental anxiety. 18 children with age of 10 at the case group and 22 children with age of 10 at the control group was completed. Children from case group were participated in learner-centered oral health education, while those from control group were participated in instructor-led oral health education. Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) at each groups were measured before oral health education, after then, oral health education of two types at each groups were separately conducted during 1-hour, 2 times. Learner-centered oral health education adapted the systematic desensitization (Tell-Show-Do) was conducted for case groups. Instructor-led oral health education was performed by using the presentation file (PPT). The change of Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) were compare between case and control groups to evaluate the effect of learner-centered teaching type. After oral health education, DAS of the case and control groups at the baseline were 9.61 and 11.14, respectively, and the average DAS decline of case and control groups after oral health education were 2.48 and 0.55, respectively. These findings show that a learner-centered teaching type is an effective oral health program to reduce of dental anxiety in childhood.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.5-10
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the active ingredients from ginseng on paraquat(PQ) toxicity. Oxidative stress was induced by intraperitreatneal injection of PQ at a single dose of 25 mg/kg. Saponin treated groups were given protopanaxadiol saponins(PPD) or protopanaxatriol saponins(PPT)(5 mg/kg, orally) per day for 1, 3, & 7 days. We also investigated the relationship between lipid peroxidation and ginseng saponins by measuring the levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione(GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide(H$_2$O$_2$) in liver tissue. The activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx were generally high in the PPD group; the SOD activity on each day was the highest in the PPD group. The H$_2$O$_2$ content was the lowest in the PPD group. The GSH levels were significantly increased in the PPD. The levels of MDA(the end product of lipid peroxidation) were significantly lower in the red ginseng component groups than in the PQ group; the levels were especially low in the PPD groups. These results led us to conclude that the antioxidant effects of extracts from red ginseng prevent oxidative damage by direct antioxidant effects involving SOD, CAT, & GPx, and increasing the ability of the body to synthesize endogenous antioxidants.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.143-167
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• 2012

In this study, survey analysis was conducted to determine the demands of science & technology information service by the groups of users. The questionnaire was composed of the need for 20 services in the science & technology information, the need for personal information to people-to-people exchanges, and information that can be shared with others. KOSEN users 1,013 people participated in the survey, and the analysis of variance was conducted depending on institution, profession, final degree and the age of the respondents. Results of frequency analysis, there were in high demands for trend analysis, papers, research reports, patents, knowledge queries, project announcements, jobs, experimental methods, information society and study abroad/Post-doc information, and all services except mentoring, community and blog were appeared to have the significant differences depending on the groups of users. Also the personal information deemed to be necessary for interaction with others was resulted in specialization, thesis/research performances, career, organization, jobs, final degree and education in order, there were partially difference depending on the user's groups. In addition, 97% of respondents had their own scientific and technical information to be shared with other people in order of papers, presentations (ppt), reports, experimental methods and the images. The results of this study can be used as useful information for scientists and engineers to develop a user-centered personalized services and are expected to be helpful to set the direction of science information services in the future.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.02a
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• pp.227-231
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• 2009

The aim of the research is to focus on the cognitive principles and to achieve human-level intelligence in referring context based browser history and the Windows history. One of the major problems faced by today's computer users is insufficient and single exclusive context based reference of the browser history and the Windows history. Today we search for the browser history and Windows history in different places even though the context is the same. For e.g., When working on a research paper or preparing a business presentation, a user may require to refer many web sites on the internet and various documents on the local computer. The browser can provide only time based history. The windows document history is also time based and limited to list only few documents. Hence, we propose a tool "Cognitive Based Context Aware Reference History Management Tool" which helps to access the exclusive reference of context and time based history in one place. The tool also proposes to store image history with urls and classifies images of a specific topic accessed in different time, bookmarks management and cross browser history management. These features are very useful as we can access all related documents (doc, docx, ppt, pptx, pdf, txt, and html), web pages, images and bookmarks in one place. The tool uses the cognitive principles like classification and association to achieve the purpose.