• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.226-254
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• 1999

For the first time, the theory of ChonKwanChuk(寸關尺) and the examination method of KyungJung(輕重法) of KiGu(氣口) were formed in "NanKyung(難經)". After that, the vicera assignment theory at left and right hands(左右守藏府記屬理論) was established in "MaekKyung(脈經)" After Reserching the theoretical relevance of the two books, theories between the doctors who understood the examination method of ChukBu(尺部診法) of "Somun MaekYoJungMiRon(素問 脈要精微論)" as the examination method of KyungJung(輕重法) and the doctors who understood that method as the method of ChonKwanChuk(寸關尺) were compared and researched. The results were as follows : 1. The posit ion of ChonKwanChuk(寸關尺) of the examination method of ChonKwanChuk(寸關尺法) is explained at 2nd Nan(二難) of "NanKyung" as follows. Chuk(尺) is the position which is 1Chon(1寸, unit) distant from Kwan(關) to the direction of ChukTaek acupuncture point(尺澤穴) and Chon(寸) is the position which is 9Pun(9分, unit) distant from Kwan(關) to the direction of EoJe acupuncture point(魚際穴). And the six vessels(六經) were assined to ChonKwanChuk(寸關尺) on the basis of OHangJaMoSnagSaeng(五行子母相生) at 18th Nan(18難) of NanKyung. After that Yang Hyun-Jo(楊玄操) at Dang Dynasty, Jung Deok-Yong(丁德用), Woo Seo(廬庶) at Song dynasty explaind the examination method of ChonKwanChuk(寸關尺法) of NanKyung as the method of ChonKwanChuk of two hands(兩手寸關尺法) from the viewpoint of "MaekKyung(脈經)". 2. From the viewpoint of MaeKyung, the vicera assignment of the two hand ChonKwanChuk method is as follows. At Chuk of left hand, the Heart and Small intestine are assigned. At Kwan of left hand, the Liver and Gall Bladder are assigned. At Chuk of left hand, the Kidney and Bladder are assigned. At Chuk of right hand, the Lung and Large in testine are assigned. At Kwan of right hand, the Spleen and Stomach are assigned. At Chuk of Right hand, the Vital Gate(命門) and Bladder are assigned. 3. For the first time, HwalSu(滑壽) at Won dynasty said that the paragraph "尺內兩傍${\cdots}{\cdots}$" of "Somun MaekYoJungMiRon" is the first of the examination method of KiGu(氣口診脈法). After that Ma Shi(馬蒔), Jang Gae-Bin(張介賓) of Myung Dynasty, Jang Ji-Chong(張志聰), Seo Dae-Chun(徐大椿) of Chung Dynasty who were influenced by him explained that paragraph as the method of KiGuChonKwanChuk(氣口寸關尺法). 4. Lee Kyu-Jun(李圭晙) explained the paragraph "尺內兩傍${\cdots}{\cdots}$" of "Somun MaekYoJungMiRon" as the method of KyungJung(輕重法) and explained Chok(尺) as the paragraph 'Chuk is low position of Kigu, and it means the depth(氣口之下位也, 言其深也)' and explained that 'the Left and the Right is layers(左右者層數). And he revised that the Jang(臟) must be examined at the inner part and the Bu(府) must be examined at the outer part. By this, he settled the theoratical basis of the method of KyungJung(輕重法). 5. The doctors who used the examination method of ChonKwanChok(寸關尺診法) settled their logical justification of the two hand examination method of ChonKwanChuk(兩手寸關尺診法) by connecting with "Somon MaekYoJungMi-Ron" from the viewpoint of 2nd Nan(難) and 18th Nan(難) of NanKyung and MaekKyung. On the contrary, the doctors who used the examination method of KyungJung(輕重診法) settled their logical justification of the examination method of KyungJung(輕重診法) by connecting with "Somun MaekYoJungMiRon" from the viewpoint of 4th Nan(四難) and 5th Nan(五難).

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.59
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• pp.37-69
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• 2019

According to viewpoints of researchers and stakeholders, various opinions can be suggested on self-governing police system. Therefore, success of Korean self-governing police system will be defending on how to balance among conflicting values such as Empowerment, Political neutrality, Financial issues, Comprehensive competence in maintaining public safety. Before the launching of self-governing police system nation-wide, the experience of Jeju provincial police will be valuable model case. In specific, enlargement of work scope of self-governing police in Jeju province which has been introduced since last year will be a useful reference. There is more pessimism about self-governing police of Jeju province so far. However, this perspective is mostly based on the issue regarding hardwares such as manpower, equipment, law and organization. Issues regarding softwares such as organizational culture, operation system and work process need more attention to evaluate self-governing police system properly. To mark the first year after enlargement of work scope of Jeju police, this study demonstrate the overall result and implications of self-governing police of Jeju province based on documents, statistics, reports and media reports. In result, several preconditions are needed to implement the self-governing police system nation-wide successfully. 1. Strengthen the link between local government and local police 2. Establish the foundation for collaboration of state and local police 3. Enhance the aspect of citizen autonomy in local level 4. Reinforcing the capability of handling situation of state and local police 5. Invigorating the inter-organizational working group to operate self-governing police system effectively. The self-governing police system is unclosed topic to discuss. After this study, in-depth studies should be followed with more resources. Particularly, additional perspective including redundancy and equity need to be considered regarding self-governing police. By getting with the changes of macroscopic trends - lowbirth and aging, the fourth industrial revolution and possible reunification of north and south Koreas - these studies should suggest the long-term blueprint of self-governing police system of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.255-262
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• 1994

Field microplot(D 20cm, L 85cm) experiment filled with Bonryang sandy loam soil(Typic Udifluvents) was conducted to obtain quantitative information on the movement of applied nutrients under different soil moisture regimes and ladino clover cultivation. The slaked lime was detected as an exchangeable Ca in the layer applied. The released Ca into the soil water proceeded rapid downward movement. Ca content in the soil was lowest at 20~30cm and tended to increase with soil depth. Downward movement of Mg in the slaked lime was similar to the movement of Ca to a greater extent. Plant uptake of Mg and leaching loss out of the microplot increased with lowering soil moisture tension. Downward movement of K was rapid in comparision with Ca and Mg. Lowering soil moisture tension enhanced both plant uptake and leaching loss of applied K. Irrigation at 0.2bar soil miosture condition increased plant uptake of Ca, Mg and K by 55, 71 and 76 % to compare to the plant uptake of Ca:0.49g, Mg:0.21g and K:1.90g/microplot at the nonirrigated condition respectively. Distribution of each of these elements seemed to be greatly affected by the downward movement of Ca with soil moisture, plant uptake of Mg(69%), and plant uptake and downward movement of K.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2002

Atmospheric aerosols interact with sunlight and affect the global radiation balance that can cause climate change through direct and indirect radiative forcing. Because of the spatial and temporal uncertainty of aerosols in atmosphere, aerosol characteristics are not considered through GCMs (General Circulation Model). Therefor it is important physical and optical characteristics should be evaluated to assess climate change and radiative effect by atmospheric aerosols. In this study GMS-5 satellite data and surface measurement data were analyzed using a radiative transfer model for the Yellow Sand event of April 7~8, 2000 in order to investigate the atmospheric radiative effects of Yellow Sand aerosols, MODTRAN3 simulation results enable to inform the relation between satellite channel albedo and aerosol optical thickness(AOT). From this relation AOT was retreived from GMS-5 visible channel. The variance observations of satellite images enable remote sensing of the Yellow Sand particles. Back trajectory analysis was performed to track the air mass from the Gobi desert passing through Korean peninsular with high AOT value measured by ground based measurement. The comparison GMS-5 AOT to ground measured RSR aerosol optical depth(AOD) show that for Yellow Sand aerosols, the albedo measured over ocean surfaces can be used to obtain the aerosol optical thickness using appropriate aerosol model within an error of about 10%. In addition, LIDAR network measurements and backward trajectory model showed characteristics and appearance of Yellow Sand during Yellow Sand events. These data will be good supporting for monitoring of Yellow Sand aerosols.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.361-371
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• 2017

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the gene expression of human gingival fibroblasts on microgroove surface using DNA microarray. Materials and methods: Microgrooves were applied on grade II titanium discs to have 0/$0{\mu}m$ (NE0, control group), 60/$10{\mu}m$ (E60/10, experimental group) of respective width/depth by photolithography. The entire surface of the microgrooved Ti substrata was further acid etched and used as the two experimental groups in this study. Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured in the experimental group and the control group, and total RNA was extracted. The oligonucleotide microarray was performed to confirm the changes of various gene expression levels between experimental group and control group. Changes of gene expression level were determined at the pathway level by mapping the expression results of DNA chips, using the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analysis. Results: Gene expression levels on E60/10 and NE0 were analyzed, there were 123 genes showing significant differences in expression more than 1.5 times on E60/10 microgrooved surface compared to NE0 surface, and 19 genes showing significant differences in expression more than 2 times. The KEGG pathway analysis confirmed the changes in gene expression levels under experimental conditions. Cell signaling, proliferation, and activity among the various gene expression results were identified. Conclusion: Microgrooved surfaces induce gene expression changes and related cell signaling. According to the results of this study, microgrooves can be used as the surface of various biomaterials which need to improve cell activity through gene expression changes and activation of cell signaling.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.777-790
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the experience of teachers who apply Smart-technology in elementary school STEAM class and the reasons, difficulties when applying the technology and required support. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with six elementary school teachers with specialized knowledge in STEAM education who have experienced STEAM lessons several times before. The research findings are as follows: First, research participants utilized a variety of Smart-technology in STEAM class, most of which were experiential or interactive technology. Among the STEAM learning criteria, the Smart-technology in 'Creative Design' course was most often applied. Second, they adopted Smart Technology in STEAM class to encourage students to feel interested, actively participate in the class, enjoy indirect experience, and nurture interest in state-of-the-art technology. They used it to prepare for future societies and organize classes that are suitable for STEAM learning criteria. They also used Smart-technology because it was easy to use. Third, they found it difficult to find, secure, and use suitable Smart-technology when applying Smart-technology in the STEAM class. They also had trouble restructuring the curriculum. In addition, there were difficulties in using Smart-technology in the class such as lack of class hours, increased level of activity, insufficient physical environment and unexpected malfunction of Smart-technology, thus interrupted the class. After the class, it was hard to manage Smart-technology and also, there were difficulties in assessment, record, and negative awareness of surrounding people. Fourth, they mentioned that's suggesting education guidelines, develop, and distribute educational materials are required to enable 'Creative Design,' reduce educational content, provide training, secure Smart-technology equipment and provide Wi-Fi, support teacher's club and communities and create an atmosphere to emotionally support teachers in order to activate using Smart-technology in STEAM class.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.391-400
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the effects of environmental parameters on the growth of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas at old suspended culturing grounds of Korsung Bay and newly deveoped bottom, culturing grounds of Haenam region located in southern coast of Korea. The Kosung Bay was semiclosed and water exchange occurred through the small mouth and the current speed was very slow as the value of below 0.5kn. Haenam was opened and littoral zone. Current speed of the surroundings of this Bay about to 5.0knand transparency was low with the mean depth of 1.2m by the resuspension of the sediments. Water temperature and salinity regimes were suitable for oysters at those sites, however the mean value of those parameters and seasonal fluctuations was high at Kosung. The mean concentration of dissolved oxygen in survey area was above $5.0mg/\ell$. In Kosung, however, it was decreasing in June and showed the minimum with the concentration of $4.0mg/\ell$ in August at the bottom layer and recovered in September. Eutrophication parameters such as COD were 1.44 mg/l at this location. This mean value was higher than that of the Haenam Bay's $0.96mg/\ell$. The men value of chlorophyll-$\alpha$ at Haenam was two times higher than the other sites. Growth of shell height and meat weight of oysters at Kosung Bay were higher and the fatness was lower compared to thost of Haenam. As a result, absolute growth of oysters was high at Kosung and allometric growth, such as fatness, was good at Haenam. Low water temperature and frequent exposure of oysters to the air during ebb tide may retard the shell growth. On the other hand, relatively high food availability was profitable for the fatness at haenam site.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.378-392
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the depth of earth science teachers' concern over the 7th Science Curriculum and levels of their use of it in reality, using the tools "Concern" and "Levels of use" which are two important tools use in CBAM. The results of the study are as follows. How much concern do the earth science teachers have over the 7th Science Curriculum? There are seven stages (from 0 stage to 6 stage) of teachers' concern over the curriculum. o stage represents teachers' indifference to the curriculum and 98% teachers are placed in this stage. According to the study on teachers' teaching experience, teachers having from 10 to 14 years of teaching experience are the most indifferent to the 7th Science Curriculum, compared to other teachers. Which levels of use of the 7th science curriculum do earth science teachers choose in reality? There are five levels of use (from 1 to 5) of the 7th curriculum. 43.97% of teachers are placed in the 3rd level called "Mechanical level", which represents a teacher-concerned learning method with consideration of learners' response. According to the study on teachers' frequency of level of use in the fields of "Instruction objects, Instruction contents, Instruction methods, Instruction materials and Evaluation.", teachers chose high levels of use in the fields of "Instruction objects and Instruction contents" and low levels of use in the other three fields. What factors are barriers for earth science teachers to perform the 7th Science Curriculum in reality? 80.9% of teachers have trouble performing the 7th Science Curriculum in reality because of too much routine work, official papers, and lack of instructional materials, laboratories, training systems and workshops. The two biggest barriers among the above are routine work and of official papers. According to the study on teachers' teaching experience, teachers having from 0 to years of teaching experience have the most trouble in performing the curriculum in reality, compared to other teachers.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.731-744
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• 2014

Extracting students' own culture and resources as main sources in science class, we begin a research to explore teaching and learning settings that are more responsive to adolescents. This study has been designed to explore the funds of knowledge that students bring into middle school science class. It also focused on the features of teaching and learning settings that stimulated the autonomous inflow of students' funds of knowledge as resources of science learning. Data from participant observations and in-depth interviews with 7th grade students were qualitatively analyzed based on grounded theory. We found that students' funds of knowledge were formed from their family life, neighbor communities, peer group, and pop culture. The funds of knowledge based on peer culture emerged as the most salient factor of students' enhanced participation and utterance. Common features of classes that stimulated the inflow of funds of knowledge were analyzed to be: (1) hybrid spaces for learning designed in advance: (2) sharing and enlargement of the funds of knowledge that has been brought into the class: and (3) common orientation of the community of practice for knowledge co-construction and shared outcomes. From these findings, this paper discussed the educational implications for promoting students' potential resources to actual sources of science class. It also discussed students' development of participation specifically among the generally marginalized students. Science classes based on the funds of knowledge of students offer an increased possibility of knowledge co-construction through the hybridized interactions of student's everyday lives and science knowledge and lead to more meaningful learning experiences.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 2007

Two feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the experimental extruded pellet (EP), commercial EP and raw fish-based moist pellet (MP) on growth of growing flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In experiment 1, two replicate groups of the fish (average body weight of $115{\pm}3.2\;g$) were fed one of five experimental diets (EP1-EP5) and MP in circular concrete tanks (4.6 m $\phi$, 0.6 m depth) for 78 days. In experiment 2, in order to evaluate EP in the commercial scale ($8\;m\;{\times}\;8\;m$), flounder (average body weight of $137{\pm}11.4\;g$) were fed one of five EPs (EP1-EP5) used in experiment 1, commercial EP (EP6) and two MEPs (MEP4 and MEP6) as moist pellet types which were made from EP4 and EP6, respectively, by being sprayed with a mixture of water and additives for 80 days. In experiment 1, weight gain of fish fed the all EPs was not significantly different from that of MP. Feed efficiency of fish fed the EP4 was highest, and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the EP4 and EP5 was significantly higher than that of fish fed the MP (P<0.05). Significant differences were observed in the contents of moisture and crude lipid in the muscle, and moisture in the liver of fish (P<0.05). In experiment 2, weight gain of fish fed the EP4 and MEP4 were highest and feed efficiency showed high tendency in EP4, MEP4 and MEP6. Fish fed the MEP6 showed higher weight gain and feed efficiency compared to those of fish fed the EP6, but there was no difference in those of fish fed EP4 and MEP4. Based on the results of this study, dietary formulations used in EPs could be most recommendable applied in the practical extruded pellet feeds for flounder grown from 114 g to 350 g.