• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.131-134
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• 1991

A new method for the synthesis of butibufen, which is a non steroidal anti-iriflammatory agent, is described. Friedel-Crafts reaction of isobutylbenzene with ethyl $\alpha$-chloro-.alpha.-(methylthio) acetate (1) gives ethyl $\alpha$-methylthio-(p-isobutylphenyl)acetate (2). Ethyl 2-methylthio-2-(4-isobutylphenyl)butyrate (3) is obtained from treatment of the compound (2) with NaH and Etl. Butibufen (5) is synthesized by reductive desulfurization of the compound (3) with zinc dust-acetic acid or Raney nickel, followed by hydrolysis of the resultant ethyl 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)butyrate (4).

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.119-122
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• 1991

A convenient method for the synthesis of ibuproxam, which is a non steroidal antiinflammatory agent, is reported. Friedel-Crafts reaction of isobutylbenzene with ethyl $\alpha$-chloro-$\alpha$-(methylthio)acetate (3) gives ethyl $\alpha$-methylthio-(p-isobutylpheny) acetate (4). Ethyl 2-methylthio-2-(4-isobutylphenyl) propionate (5) is obtained from methylation of the compound (4) with NaH and Mel. lbuproxam (7) is easily synthesized by reductive desulfurization of the compound (5) with zinc dust-acetic acid or Raney nickel, followed by treatment of the resultant ethyl 2-(4-isobutyl-pheny) propionate (6) with H$_{2}$NOH-HCI.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.977-981
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• 2005

Most inflammatory disorders are usually treated using anti-inflammatory drugs including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SAID). In a prolonged use, however, they may frequently produce adverse side-effects. Thus, it is necessarily required to develop a new anti-inflammatory drug with little side-effects. Nephrite has been widely used by traditional oriental medicine to cure the various chronic diseases. In order to verify the anti-inflammatory activity of nephrite, the TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-acetate) or the croton oil-induced edema was developed in the mouse ears and the nephrite powder suspension or the nephrite water was directly applied to the ear edema. It was found that nephrite could significantly reduce the ear swelling implying its strong potential as an active anti-inflammatory agent when comparing to indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.2274-2278
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• 2011

Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker and is classified as a class IV anti-arrhythmic agent. It is used in the control of supra ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and in the management of classical and variant angina pectoris. It is also used in the treatment of hypertension and used as an important therapeutic agent for angina pectoris, ischemic heart disease, hypertension and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Verapamil commonly co-administered with NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) i.e. diclofenac sodium, flurbiprofen, Ibuprofen, mefanamic acid and meloxicam. A simple and rapid RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination and quantification of verapamil and NSAIDs was developed and validated. The mobile phase constituted of acetonitrile: water (55:45) whose pH was adjusted at 2.7 and pumped at a flow rate of 2.0 mL $min^{-1}$ at 230 nm. The proposed method is simple, precise, accurate, low cost and least time consuming for the simultaneous determination of verapamil and NSAIDs which can be effectively applied for the analysis of human serum.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.445-451
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• 2021

Salicylamide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is used as an analgesic and antipyretic agent. We have previously shown that several NSAIDs have anti-melanogenic properties in B16F1 melanoma cells. In contrast, we have found that salicylamide enhances melanin contents in B16F1 melanoma cells; however, the underlying mechanism is not known. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism through which salicylamide stimulates melanogenesis. Interestingly, salicylamide enhanced diphenolase activity in a cell-free assay. Western blotting and real-time RT-PCR revealed that salicylamide increased tyrosinase expression via transcriptional activation of the Mitf gene. Together, our results indicate that salicylamide could be used as an anti-hypopigmentation agent for skin and/or hair.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.166-173
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• 1990

The structure of the anti-inflammatory agent, naproxen sodium was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystal of the compound, which was recrystallized from methanol solution, is nomoclinic, space group $P2_1$ with a = 21. 177(6), b = 5.785(2), c = 5.443(2) $\AA, \beta$ = 91.41(3)$\{\circ}$ and Z = 2. The calculated density is 1.346; the observed value is nements based on 1093 reflections ($F\geq3\sigma$(F)) gave the final R value of 0.043. There are of one water per one compound molecule in the crystal. The carboxyl group of the molecule is nearly perpendicular to the naphthalene ring. The molecules are arranged along with the screw axis, and stabilized by five 0...Na type interactions. The molecule retains nearly same dimensions and similar conformation compared to its parent compound, naproxen, except for the torsion angles around C(5)-C(11) bond.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.260-266
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• 2014

This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile and therapeutic efficacy of piroxicam (PX), a long acting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of arthritis, following intra-articular (IA) injection in comparison to the pharmacokinetic profile and therapeutic efficacy of PX after intramuscular (IM) injection. In the pharmacokinetic study in rats, systemic exposure and pharmacokinetic parameters of PX after a single IA dose were compared with systemic exposure and pharmacokinetic parameters of PX after administration of the same dose IM (0.6 mg/kg). The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of IA PX were evaluated simultaneously in a monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis rat model. The plasma PX concentration rapidly rose following IA injection, and it was comparable to the plasma PX concentration following IM injection, suggesting the rapid efflux of the drug molecule from the joint cavity. However, in the efficacy study, the IA PX administration significantly reduced the knee swelling by reducing the level of prostaglandin $E_2$ in the joint, compared to that following administration of IA vehicle and after administration of the IM PX dose. In addition, we found that the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive efficacies of IA PX were synergistically increased upon co-treatment with hyaluronic acid (HA), a potent agent for the treatment of osteoarthritis, at the weight ratio of 1:1 or 1:2, and these effects were more pronounced than those following administration of HA or PX alone. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the efficacy of the IA use of PX alone and/or in combination with HA in osteoarthritis.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.449-454
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• 2012

Purpose: Intravenous sedation with midazolam is common in contemporary dentistry. That is effective for anxious patients, but additional analgesic agent needs to be used, because midazolam alone doesn't have an analgesic effect. This study was performed to select an analgesic agent between an opioid agent, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as adjunctives in intravenous sedation with midazolam. Methods: The subjects were 60 patients who visited the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, between August 2009 and February 2010. Conscious sedation was performed on 20 patients of 3 groups (control group, ketorolac group, and fentanyl group), who were divided randomly. The analgesic agent was administrated preoperatively. For sedation, vital signs were recorded. After sedation and operation, subjective questionnaires of the patient and operator were implemented. Results: All of the $SPO_2$, blood pressure, and heart rates stayed within the normal range for sedation. The sedation depth and analgesic effect of the ketorolac group and fentanyl group were similar. In the case of sedation depth, 12 patients in the ketorolac group and 14 patients in the fentanyl group had no memory of surgery. In the case of analgesic effect, the visual analogue scale of pain scored 2~3 in 13 patients in the ketorolac group, and 0~2 in 12 patients in the fentanyl group. The satisfaction of patients and doctors was also similar. Conclusion: Considering the management and complication of an opioid agent, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is more effective than an opioid agent.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.79-92
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• 2020

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prescription pattern of NSAIDs and GPAs in the arthritis patients over 65 years old to prevent the GI adverse events. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly used agents to treat arthritis, can cause gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects. Recent guidelines recommend that moderate risk patients who have one or two risk factors, should be prescribed either combination of non-selective NSAID (nsNSAIDs) and gastroprotective agent (GPAs) or selective NSAID alone. Methods : Study population was National Patient Sample of 2011. Number of drugs used were 138 for NSAIDs and 21 for GPAs. Chi-square test was used to compare prescribing patterns. Results : The appropriate prescription rate follows the guideline was 11.2%: co-prescription with nsNSAID and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) or misoprostol was 1.6% and selective NSAID alone was 9.6%. Inappropriate prescription rates were as follows: co-prescription with nsNSAID and Histamine-2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) or antiacid was 53.8% and nsNSAID alone was 35.0%. The appropriate prescription rate among the types of medical institute was 54.4% in tertiary hospital, 31.2% in secondary hospital, and 6.0% in primary hospital. The appropriate prescription rate among the regions was 19.4%, highest in Seoul and 4.2%, lowest in Jeju. The appropriate prescription rate among the medical departments was as follow: 12.2% in orthopaedic surgery, 11.0% in internal medicine, and 7.7% in other departments. Conclusion : This finding suggests the needs to revise the national medical insurance imbursement policy, provide continuing medical education about the guideline of medical doctors.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.20.1-20.14
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• 2020

Objectives: To minimize the tooth sensitivity caused by in-office bleaching, many dentists use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and topical desensitizing gels containing potassium nitrate and sodium fluoride. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of these substances on inflammation and the expression of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in pulp nerve fibers. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two rats were divided into 6 groups as follows: GI, control; GII, only dental bleaching; GIII, only ibuprofen; GIV, ibuprofen administered 30 minutes before and after the bleaching treatment and every 12 hours until the analysis; GV, only topical application of a desensitizing agent; and GVI, topical application of a desensitizing agent before dental bleaching. Placebo gel was applied to the upper left jaw and the bleaching agent was applied to the upper right jaw in all groups. Subsequently, the groups were divided into 3 subgroups based on the time of analysis: 0, 24, and 48 hours after bleaching (n = 8). The rats were euthanized and the maxillae were processed and evaluated by histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn test (p < 0.05). Results: In the bleaching groups, the inflammatory process and expression of neuropeptides decreased over time. The animals in which a desensitizing agent was applied showed better results within 24 hours. Conclusions: The use of a desensitizing agent had positive effects on inflammation and pain-related neuropeptide expression, minimizing the painful effects of dental bleaching treatment.