• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.10-22
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• 2010

The first full-scale u-City operation has started in Dongtan u-City. As local cities take over and operate the u-City, unexpected issues arise such as securing the budget of operating costs and self-providing the costs with business models utilizing the u-City assets. The paper presents a strategy for solving these issues. The strategy provides a foundation(infrastructure) for long-term operation models which may reduce the long-term operating costs. In order to establish the economic operating framework of u-City, suggested are some cost-reduction models based on the operating costs structure. For each model, a base framework with comparative analysis of operating costs is provided. With these models, each u-City may select a relevant model according to the characteristics of it. We hope that the framework provides the foundation for efficient and sustainable u-City operations.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.203-215
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• 2009

In this article, we study the existence and uniqueness of mild and classical solutions for a nonlinear impulsive differential equation with nonlocal conditions u'(t) = Au(t) + f(t, u(t); Tu(t); Su(t)), $0{\leq}t{\leq}T_0$, $t{\neq}t_i$, u(0) + g(u) = $u_0$, ${\Delta}u(t_i)=I_i(u(t_i))$, i = 1,2,${\ldots}$p, 0<$t_1$<$t_2$<$\cdots$<$t_p$<$T_0$, in a Banach space X, where A is the infinitesimal generator of a $C_0$ semigroup, g constitutes a nonlocal conditions, and ${\Delta}u(t_i)=u(t_i^+)-u(t_i^-)$ represents an impulsive conditions.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.219-227
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• 2009

The effect of organic acids on the adsorption of U(VI) onto oxide surfaces ($TiO_2)$(anatase), $SiO_2$(amorphous) and $Al_2O_3$(amorphous)) has been investigated. Two different organic acids, salicylic and picolinic acids, were used. Changes of adsorption ratio of U(VI), which depend on the existence of organic acids in a sample, were measured as a function of pH. Quantities of adsorbed organic acids, which depend on the existence of U(VI) in a sample, were also measured as a function of pH. It is confirmed that the soluble complex formation of U(VI) with organic acids can deteriorate the adsorption of U(VI) onto $TiO_2$ surface. It is noteworthy that salicylic acid does not affect the adsorption of U(VI) onto $SiO_2$ surface, however, picolinic acid enhances the adsorption of U(VI) onto $SiO_2$ surface. The latter effect can be understood by considering the formation of a ternary surface complex on $SiO_2$ surface, which was confirmed by the co-adsorption of picolinic acid with U(VI) and the change in a fluorescence spectra of U(VI) on surface, In the case of $Al_2O_3$, organic acids themselves were largely adsorbed onto a surface without deteriorating the adsorption of U(VI). This would support the possibility of a ternary surface complex formation on the $Al_2O_3$ surface, and an additional spectroscopic study is required.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2011

Recently, the construction of U-City or of U-City service (U-service) in many kinds of urban development projects becomes the general trend. However, as the construction of U-city comes into the spotlight like the trend of the times, various service constructions are being indiscreetly implemented since it's processed focusing on local specialized projects or local landmark project by a local autonomous entity or an institute in charge being off the original purpose of the improvement of living quality of residents and the efficiency of urban management, which causes a number of problems on the process, maintenance, operation and management of those projects. Therefore, this study is to derive the standard pattern of U-service construction through the analysis of patterns and numbers of U-service and problems during the process of construction in domestic U-City construction case district, and is aimed to suggest the reasonable direction of service construction based on this. 11 projects areas in which data related to U-service are available among U-City construction project areas were selected for the subjects of this study, and it's standardized with 228 detailed unit services that were suggested by U-Eco City R&D and with 11 service domains that are regulated in "the Act of ubiquitous city construction etc.", and it is limited to services that were suggested in U-City case area of which design was completed by July, 2010 based on this. The actual state of various U-service construction is analyzed through case studies as well as reviews on the legal and theoretical concept and the method of pattern classification of U-service, the plan for the standardization (pattern classification) of U-service and the plan for the construction body of service and to share the costs are suggested as the plan to construct reasonable U-service based on this for the method and the procedure of this study For the method to construct U-service, the plan to classify the pattern of U-service into the basic service and additional service is suggested, and whether it has the publicity, whether urban infrastructure is included, whether utilities are included, the body of realization, the recipients, the urgency, the importance and the spreading, etc. are suggested for the index to determine the pattern of service. The method to get the executor of a project to construct the basic service, the method to get the executor of a project to construct the most basic service among the group classification of service and to get a private entity and a local autonomous entity to perform additional service in the future, and the method to construct the whole service and to distribute the construction costs were suggested, and the first one that determines the body of construction after dividing U-service into the basic service and the additional service was evaluated to be the most reasonable one. And the plan to solve the problem that the excessive construction costs of U-service are shifted onto the executor of a project through benefit principle, balanced distribution principle and consultation and mediation between the interested parties was suggested for the criteria to share the costs.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.287-297
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• 2009

Though the interest for the construction of ubiquitous city (u-City) has been increased in many researches, many of those efforts are still done somewhat separated ways such as from the perspective of architectural design of urban city or from the perspective of underlying ICT (Information and Communication Technology) implementation. Since there are various services and technical components involved in u-City implementation, those separated approaches can cause much troubles while implementing u-City. In addition to this, because u-City components are continually changing and expanding, to cope with this evolution, many researches about the infrastructure of u-City should be done in a systematic way while integrally considering various perspectives of u-City. In this research, by combining WBEM/CIM standards to GMA (Grid Monitoring Architecture), we could provide WBEM/CIM design that is usable for u-City implementation. In contrast to the conventional research that is still abstract, our study presents concrete and implementable u-City infrastructure model. We hope our result will be a valuable reference for the other u-City infrastructure-related researches.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.197-215
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• 2009

As the ubiquitous technology has been widespread, the u-service development driven by the private sector is increasing these days. In this paper, a new development methodology of interactive u-services for a mixed-use complex in u-City is proposed. The current state-of-the-art IT, Web2.0, assumes that information must be communicated in both way, not only from service provides to users but also from users to service providers. Here the user-driven u-service will be utilized for service providers to customize user services. By this interactive u-service paradigm, the information users become the information providers so that the mixed-use complex will take advantage of massive information. Also, admitting that the mixed-use complex is limited in terms of the space size, the network effect of information and shared contents created through the interactive u-services can be maximized.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.119-127
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• 2010

In this study, U-City to effectively manage information as a basis for studies of U-City Info characteristics were analyzed. U-City services are currently being discussed which is about 228. Short-term possibility of applying these services, the service's practicality and availability of services based on public services analyzed, 39 were selected. Next, the selected U-City to target services to analyze the flow of information and analysis based on the characteristics of U-City information was derived. U-City information derived from this study, the characteristics of real-time information, and service-specific mandatory and optional information, melting complex information, dynamic information, large amounts of data, user-customized information, and information security vulnerabilities, revealing personal information and privacy is. The results of this study, governments and municipalities to promote the construction of the U-City can be used effectively. To do so, considering the characteristics of U-City information, information management standards should be established.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.33-38
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• 2009

Since the beginning of 2000, the ubiquitous technology rapidly has been at center of public concerns, and application of the ubiquitous technology is expanding in Korea with U-City as the center. U-City is currently planned and built by local governments, but the applicable range of the ubiquitous technology should be expanded in the future to build U-Territory and U-Land projects. As a part of this, U-forest should also be implemented, and that now is the time to gain support in policy and systematic initiative. Therefore, this study defines U-Forest concept to implement valuable national resources, healthy land environment, and pleasant green space by using ubiquitous technology as an effective way to produce, manage, use, and distribute the forest. In order to establish strategy for U-Forest, it has considered basic forest plan, k-Forest, and FGIS projects, and has drawn a service model pertaining to them. Also, it has proposed the need to establish the basic plan for U-Forest, and suggested details to include in the plan.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.5
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• pp.183-202
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• 2002

Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt zwei Ziele: zum einen sollen die Entwicklungen in der modernen zweisprachigen Lexikographie mit Ausgangssprache Deutsch skizzenhaft vorgestellt und einige Forschungsdefizite benannt werden, zum anderen sollen die Ergebnisse und Methoden der neueren Lexikographie anhand von Beispielartikeln der drei $einschl\"{a}gigen$ deutsch-koreanischen $Gro{\ss}w\"{o}rterblicher$ kontrastiert und diskutiert werden. Zuerst wird eine Typologie der zweisprachigen $W\"{o}rterb\"{u}cher$ erstellt, derzufolge es jeweils 2 aktive und 2 passive Worterblicher pro Sprachenpaar gibt. Das Aktiv-Passiv­Prinzip gilt als ein grundlegender Ausgangspunkt $f\"{u}r$ die zweisprachige Lexikographie. Eine Erweiterung der Unterscheidungskriterien scheint nicht $zweckm\"{a}{\ss}ig$ und angesichts praktischer Schwierigkeiten auch kaum realisierbar. $Pl\"{a}diert\;wird\;f\"{u}r\;eine\;st\"{a}rkere\;Ber\"{u}cksichtigung$ der Benutzungssituationen, zu denen z.B. der Grad der Sprachbeherr­schung der jeweiligen Benutzergruppe, die $m\"{o}glichen\;Benutzungsanl\"{a}sse$, der Kenntnisstand $bez\"{u}glich$ der Benutzerhinweise sowie die technische Geschicklichkeit bei der $W\"{o}rterbuch-benutzung\;etc.\;zu\;z\"{a}hlen$ sind. In makrostruktueller Hinsicht werden die Selektion und die Anordnung der Lemmata diskutiert. Bei der Lemmaauswahl $w\"{a}re\;es\;w\"{u}nschenswert$, auf der Grundlage eines Lemmavergleiches der verschiedensten Quellenworterbucher ein datenbasiertes Korpus zu erstellen. Dazu $k\"{o}nnten$ folgende Materialien ausgewertet werden: (1) einsprachige allgemeine (ad spezielle) $W\"{o}rterb\"{u}cher$ (z.B. Deutsch/Koreanisch), (2) zweisprachige allgemeine (od spezielle) Worterblicher (z.B. Deutsch-Koreanisch, Deutsch-Englisch) etc. Die $blo{\ss}e\;\"{U}bersetzung$ lediglich eines einzigen $Quellenw\"{o}rterbuches\;k\"{o}nnte$ dagegen zu $unerw\"{u}nschten\;Einseitigkeiten\;f\"{u}hren$. Was die Anordnung der Lemmata in zweisprachigen $W\"{o}rterb\"{u}chern$ betrifft, $k\"{o}nnen$ dieselben drei makrostrukturellen Typen unterschieden werden, wie in einsprachigen $W\"{o}rterb\"{u}chern$: (1) glattalphabetisch, (2) nischenalphabetisch, (3) nestalphabetisch. Unter den zu untersuchenden $W\"{o}rterb\"{u}chern$ weisen das EDK und das HDK die nischenalpha­betische Makrostruktur auf, das MDK ist dagegen nestalphabetisch angeordnet. Je nachdem, wie die Polysemiestruktur und die Mehr-Wort-Einheit kombinieren, werden die drei Arten der Mikrostruktur unterschieden: (1) die integrierte Mikrostruktur, (2) die nichtintegrierte Mikrostruktur, (3) die partiell integrierte Mikrostruktur. $W\"{a}hrend$ das EDK und das HDKeine integrierte Mikrostruktur besitzen, weist das HDK eine partiell integrierte Mikrostruktur auf. Die Artikelgestaltung durch die nichtintegrierte Mikrostruktur, die $h\"{a}ufig$ in der zweisprachigen Lexikographie angewandt wird und entsprechende Vorteile besitzt, sallte $k\"{u}nftig\;als\;Gestaltungsm\"{o}glichkeit\;st\"{a}rker$in Betracht gezogen werden. In Bezug auf die Organisation der Mikrostruktur werden vier Bauteile, das sind Lemma-, $\"{A}quivalent-$, Diskriminator- und Beispielangaben untersucht. Die $\"{U}bersetzungs\"{a}quivalente$ werden je nach dem lexikalisch-semantischen Abdeckungsgrad mit dem Lemma in drei Typen eingeteilt: (1) $Voll\"{a}quivalent,\;(2)\;Teil\"{a}quivalent,\;(3)\;Null\"{a}quivalent$. In der Mehrheit kommen die Teil- oder $Null\"{a}quivalente$ vor, weil die ausgangssprachlichen Lemmata und die zielsprachlichen $\"{A}quivalente$ in sich Polysemiestruktur aufweisen. $Informationsm\"{a}ngel$ auszugleichen ist die Funktion des Diskriminators, in dem Glosse, Markierungen und metasprachliche $Erl\"{a}uterungen$ zusammenwirken. $Verbesserungsw\"{u}rdig\;sind\;die\;g\"{a}ngigen$ deutsch-koreanischen $W\"{o}rterb\"{u}cher$ var allem im Hinblick auf die stilistischen Markierungen; die Inkongruenz des Stils zwischen den beiden verschiedenen Sprachen wird bislang zu wenig $ber\"{u}cksichtigt$ und sagar in ein und demselben $W\"{o}rterbuch$ nicht konsequent dargestellt. Trotz der relativen $Geringsch\"{a}tzung$ von Beispielangaben in der $europ\"{a}ischen$ zweisprachigen passiven Lexikographie sallte diesen in deutsch-koreanischen $W\"{o}rterb\"{u}chern$ mehr Aufmerksamkeit gewidrnet werden. Sie sind dem koreanischen Benutzer eine wichtige Hilfe, indem sie die $\"{A}quivalentenangaben\;implizite\;erg\"{a}nzen$ und Informationen $\"{u}ber$ die syntaktisch-semantische und pragmatische Kontextrestriktion bieten. $Dar\"{u}berhinaus$ stellen sie selbst interessante kulturelle, geistige und landeskundliche etc. Informationen dar. Was den Artikelaufbau betrifft, wird das Van Dale-Modell diskutiert, d.h. das kategoriell-semantisch-alphabetische Prinzip, das trotz mancher Kritikpunkte viele interessante Anregungen $f\"{u}r$ die zweisprachige Lexikographie Deutsch-Koreanisch bietet, wo z.B. noch nicht die $Pr\"{a}positionen$ in der Beispielangabe durch typographische Hervorhebung $pr\"{a}sentiert$ worden sind. Aus $Platzgr\"{u}nden$ sind hier nur wenige Beispielartikel mit substantivischen Lemmata $angef\"{u}hrt$ und analysiert worden. Um die $h\"{o}here$ Generalisierbarkeit zu erreichen, brauchen die Untersuchungs- materialien mindestens einen bestimmten Umfang. Derartige empirische Forschungen $k\"{o}nnen$ als Impulse dazu beitragen, $k\"{u}nftige\;W\"{o}rterb\"{u}cher$ im Sinne einer $Ber\"{u}cksichtigung$ neuerer lexikographischer Erkenntnisse verbessern zu helfen.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.14A no.3 s.107
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• pp.159-166
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• 2007

A arrival of u-teaming paradigm requires many u-teaming system and model that is varied and support to distance education, Accordingly, the distance education system in u-learning environment has attracted a fair amount of critical attention. However there remain many questions, as yet unresolved, such as it is difficult to maintain interaction between tutor and learner, the construction of system is a great expense to them, a tutor, who manages the system, lacks technologic background, in most current distance education system. To solve these problem, some preliminary observations have to be made first: to keep teaming process in situation that it is unconnected with tutor, to construct the system economically, and to make to be easy-to-use. Therefore, in this paper, we develop the 'Intelligent U-Learning System using Cyber Tutor', which includes the conception of u-learning such as mobility, immanency, supports to keep learning without real tutor by cyber tutor, and removes technological and economical costs, verify the validity.