• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.47-47
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• 2003

The present study was conducted to determine the expression of the antioxidant enzyme(CuZn-SOD, Mn-SOD and GPX and apoptosis gene(caspase-3) for in vitro culture in in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization(IVM/IVF) embryos in porcine. Porcine embryos derived from IVM/IVF were cultured in NCSU23 medium under 5% $CO_2$ in air at 38.5$^{\circ}C$. The patterns of gene expression for several antioxidant enzyme and apoptosis genes during preimplantion porcine embryo development were examined by the modified semi-quantitative single cell reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Preimplantation porcine embryos produced by IVM/IVF have expressed mRNAs for CuZn-SOD and GPX, whereas transcripts for Mn-SOD have not detected at any developmental stages. Expression of caspase-3 mRNA was detected at 2 cell, 8 cell, 16 cell and morula stages. The fas ligand transcripts were detected in porcine blastocyst. These results suggest that various antioxidant enzymes and apoptosis genes play crucial roles in in vitro culture of porcine IVM/IVF embryos.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.150-155
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• 2001

This study examined effects of the active ingredients from ginseng on paraquat(PQ) toxitity. Mice were given PQ(25mg/kg, ip) and then they were given total saponins (TS; 5mg/kg, orally), protopanaxadiol (PD; 5mg/kg, orally) and protopanaxatriol(PT; 5mg/kg, orally) per day for periods of 1,3 & 7 days. We measured the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), electrophoretic isozyme band, catalase (CAT) were compared in the liver of mouse that dose with PQ and/or TS, PD and PT. The activities of SOD, CAT were generally higher in PQ+PD group than others groups. Especially the activity of SOD was the highest in PQ+PD group than others groups. SOD isozyme separated into three bands by electrophoresis. One band was located to near the anode side and two bands were cathode side. As the results of treated with KCN, we were confiremed that the Cu, Zn-SOD was located to near the anode side but the Mn-SOD were cathode side. Our results suggested that an antioxidant effect of ginseng saponins elevated a protection ability to an oxidative damage by direct action of SOD, CAT and reinforced the synthetic ability of endogenous antioxidant material in living organism. Particularly, PD was a effective antioxidant compared with others.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.423-428
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• 2009

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) constitute the first line of cellular defense against oxidative stress in plants. SODs generally occur in three different forms with Cu/Zn, Fe, or Mn as prosthetic metals. We cloned the full-length cDNA of the Thellungiella halophila Cu/Zn-SOD gene ThCSD using degenerate RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Sequence analysis indicated that the ThCSD gene (GenBank accession number EF405867) had an open reading frame of 456 bp. The deduced 152-amino acid polypeptide had a predicted molecular weight of 15.1 kDa, an estimated pI of 5.4, and a putative Cu/Zn-binding site. Recombinant ThCSD protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and assayed for SOD enzymatic activity in a native polyacrylamide gel. The SOD activity of ThCSD was inactivated by potassium cyanide and hydrogen peroxide but not by sodium azide, confirming that ThCSD is a Cu/Zn-SOD. Northern blotting demonstrated that ThCSD is expressed in roots, stems, and leaves. ThCSD mRNA levels increased by about 30-fold when plants were treated with sodium chloride (NaCl), abscisic acid (ABA), and indole-acetic acid (IAA) and by about 50-fold when treated with UVB light. These results indicate that ThCSD is involved in physiological pathways activated by a variety of environmental conditions.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.327-337
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• 1999

Background: Reactive oxygen species are involved in multi-stage process of carcinogenesis. The moot of cancer cell lines and cancer cells in tumor tissue produce reactive oxygen species and on the other hand, the activities of catalase, Mn- and CuZn-superoxide dismutase in tumor cells are usually low. These persistent oxidative stress in tumor tissue facilitates tumor invasion and metastasis. 12-kDa thioredoxin, which regulates the intracellular redox potential with glutathione and glutaredoxin is involved in cell activation, proliferation, differentiation and redox-mediated apoptosis. It is also purified as 14-kDa and 10-kDa eooinophilic cytotoxic enhancing factor(ECEF) from human histiocytic cell(U937) and 10-kDa ECEF has more than 20 times eosinophilic stimulation activity than 14-kDa ECEF. It has been reported that adult T-cell leukemia, squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix, and hepatocellular carcinoma show increased amounts of human thioredoxin and thioredoxin mRNA is increased in lung cancer. In this study, we investigated the expression of conventional antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, CuZn-SOD, and glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin in lung cancer tissue compared to adjacent normal lung tissue and the induction of thioredoxin in macrophage cells after treatment of oxidative stress and endotoxin Methods: We measured the amount of conventional antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, CuZn-SOD, and glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin in lung cancer tissue compared to adjacent normal lung tissue by immunoblot analysis and the induction of thioredoxin in mouse monocyte-macrophage cells(RAW 264.7) by treatment of 5 ${\mu}M$ menadione and 1 ${\mu}g/ml$ endotoxin Results: On immunoblot analysis, the expression of 12-kDa thioredoxin was increased in lung cancer tissue compared to paired normal lung tissue. but the expression of catalase and CuZn-SOD were decreased in lung cancer tissue compared to paired normal tissue and the expression of glutathione peroxidase in lung cancer was variable. The expression of truncated thioredoxin was also increased in lung cancer. When mouse monocyte-macrophage cells were treated with 5 ${\mu}M$ menadione and 1 ${\mu}g/ml$ endotoxin, the expression of thioredoxin was peaked at 12 hrs and sustained to 48 hrs. Conclusion: In contrast with other conventional antioxidants, the expression of 12-kDa and truncated thioredoxin in lung cancer were increased and it is closely associated with persistent oxidative stress in tumor microenvironment. Considering especially the biological functions of truncated thioredoxin, the increased amount of truncated thioredoxin has significant role in tumor growth through cell proliferation.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 2007

To determine whether antioxidant enzyme systems are related to chilling tolerance, changes of antioxidant enzyme activities during the chilling stress were determined in the leaves of a chilling-tolerant cultivar (Cucurbita ficifolia, cv. Heukjong) and a chilling-sensitive cultivar (Cucurbita moschata, cv. Jaerae 13). Leaves of chilling-tolerant plant have two major isoforms, Fe-SOD and Mn-SOD, at the Rm values of 0.20 and 0.52, respectively. In leaves of chilling-sensitive plant, two major isozymes of SOD was observed, one isoform is Mn-SOD at the Rm value of 0.20, and the other isoform is Cu/zn-SOD at the nm value of 0.58. When plants were treated with chilling stress, Cu/zn-SOD at the Rm value of 0.58 was newly expressed at 10 days after chilling stress in the chilling-tolerant plants, and density of this band increased at five days after chilling stress in the chilling-sensitive plants. One APX isozyme band was observed in unstressed plants of both cultivars. Under the chilling stress one APX isozyme band was newly expressed at 10 days after chilling stress in the chilling-tolerant cultivar. Significant genotype differences were observed fnr POD isozyme banding patterns such as few main isozyme bands in chilling-tolerant plants, and one band in chilling-sensitive plants. Densities of three POD isozyme bands at the Rm of 0.36, 0.40 and 0.54 increased at 10 days after chilling stress in the chilling-tolerant plants, while two bands at the nm of 0.36 and 0.54 increased at 10 days and 20 days after chilling stress in the chilling-sensitive plants, respectively. Activities of SOD, APX and POD significantly increased during five days after chilling stress in both cultivars. In the chilling-tolerant cultivar, activities of these enzymes were higher in chilling-stressed plant than in unstressed plants. However, activities of these enzymes in the chilling-sensitive cultivar decreased rapidly after five days of chilling stress, and were lower in chilling stressed plants than in unstressed plants.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Sericultural Science Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.66-70
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• 2003

The first line of antioxidant defense against reactive oxygen species includes the enzymatic activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) that catalyzes the disproportionation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and water. The SOD mainly removes highly toxic $O_2$$^{[-10]}$ and also prevents $O_2$$^{[-10]}$ mediated reduction of iron and subsequent OH$^{[-10]}$ generation. Along with an interest in SOD as a first line of defense against damage mediated by the superoxide anion, the SOD1 enzyme has been subjected to investigation in the molecular and cellular level. (omitted)

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.23 no.1 s.53
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• pp.44-49
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• 1999

Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a protective enzyme responsible for the dismutat ion of superoxide radicals within the cell by converting superoxide radicals to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, which is in turn changed to oxygen and water by catalase. Previously, we reported that the panaxadiol (PD) and its ginsenoside $Rb_2$ induced the expression of SOD1 gene through AP2 binding site and its induction. Here, we examined the effect of subfractions of panaxadiol ginsenosides, which were extracted from different parts of ginseng root that possess various ratios of panaxadiol to panaxatriol, on the induction of SOD1 gene expression. To explore this possibility, the upstream regulatory region of SOD1 was linked to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) structural gene and introduced into human hepatoma HepG2 cells. We observed that the transcriptional activation of SOD1 was proportional to the contents ratio of panaxadiol ginsensides. Consistent with this results, the total extract portion prepared from the finely-hairy root, which contains the higher ratio of panaxadiol to panaxatriol about 2.6, increased the SODl transcription about 3 fold. This results suggest that the panaxadiol fraction could induce the SOD1 and total extract of the ginseng finely-hairy root would be a useful material as a functional food for the SOD1 inducer.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.442-448
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• 2009

We investigated photooxidation and responses of antioxidant enzymes involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) after light-chilling ($4^{\circ}C$) for 2 days and post chilling ($25^{\circ}C$) in rice leaves. Chilling leaves indicated a 50% reduction in photosynthetic efficiency ($F_v/F_m$ ratio) and a 48% increase of $H_2O_2$, respectively, compared to the control group. In comparison with the control, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) increased at light-chilling and post-chilling. CuZn-SOD and Mn-SOD among SOD forms were detected in rice leaves, while Fe-SOD was not found. The increase of SOD and GR activity may serve as a basis for defense against chilling injury as it dismutase superoxide generated by light-chilling. Catalase (CAT) activity decreased during light-chilling, while activity of APX showed remarkable increase during light-chilling in rice leaves. Among CAT isoforms analyzed by 10% native PAGE, activities of isoform -2 and -3 were inhibited during light-chilling. From the elevated APX activity and decreased CAT activity, we suggest that these two enzymes show mutual supplementary relationships, indicating different tendency during light-chilling.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.183-192
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• 2004

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of the acute phase response on the performance and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities in liver and erythrocyte of broiler chicks fed dietary krill meals A and B in experiment 1 and krill meal A in experiment 2. The experimental diets are basal diet based on yellow corn and soybean meal and diets substituted 2.0% of krill meal A or B with soybean meal of the basal diet, respectively. Day-old birds fed on the experimental diets and the acute phase response(immunological stress) was activated in the birds on 8-day of age by alternate day injection i.p. with 3 doses the Salmonella typhymurium lipopolysaccharide(LPS) in saline. The values during the acute phase response were compared with those controls injected with saline. The performance; daily gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency were different between dietary krill meal A and B in birds during the acute phase response and in the control. The acute phase response increased relative liver and spleen weights. Recovery of birds from the immunological stress was different between krill meals. Dietary krill meals increased activities of MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD in erythrocyte cytosols during the actute phase response. Dietary krill meals did not affect the PHA-p response. The results indicated that the dietary krill meals may accentuate oxidative stress during the acute phase response.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2006

Background: Testosterone is reported to have neuroprotective effect in various neurological diseases. Recently, the mechanism involved in nitric oxide (NO)-mediated motor neuron death is under extensive investigation. The Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) mutations has been implicated in selective motor neuron death of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and it is said to play an important role in NO-mediated motor neuron death. However, neuroprotective effect of testosterone on motor neuron exposed to NO has rarely been studied. Methods: Motor neuron-neuroblastoma hybrid cells expressing wild-type or mutant (G93A or A4V) SOD gene were treated with $200{\mu}M$ S-nitrosoglutathione. After 24 hr, cell viability was measured by MTT assay. To see the neuroprotective effect of testosterone, pretreatment with 1 nM testosterone was done 1 hr before S-nitroglutathione treatment. To study the mechanism of protective effect, $20{\mu}M$ flutamide (androgen receptor antagonist) was also pretreated with testosterone 1 hr before S-nitroglutathione treatment. Results: S-nitrosoglutathione showed significant neurotoxic effect in all three cell lines. Percentage of cell death was somewhat different in each cell line. 1 nM testosterone showed neuroprotective effect in G93A and wild-type cell line. In A4V cell line, testosterone did not showed neuroprotective effect. The neuroprotective effect of testosterone was reversed by $20{\mu}M$ flutamide. Conclusions: These results indicate that testosterone induces neuroprotection in NO-mediated motor neuron death directly through the androgen receptor. This neuroprotective effect of testosterone varies according to the types of SOD1 gene mutation. These data suggest that testosterone may be of therapeutic value against ALS.