• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.45-56
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• 2011

The concept, means, value chain, the persons concerned and possible issues of game item trading in cash are analyzed in this study. The trading is characterized by not only being performed with its own unique business model but also causing issues related to delicate social problems, such as digital contents distribution, work place and gambling. The way of game item trading in cash and its value chain have been changed with game market growth for the past years. I analyzed in this article the new concept of game item trading in cash that is different from the past. Also, analysis on several issues related to game item trading in cash is conducted.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.153-178
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• 2000

Dental prosthetic restoration shows a big difference of cost per itemized unit depending on the size of dental labs, facility standard, manpower, and performance. Even the same dental labs have distinctive cost according to manufacturing performance, inflation, and the number of workers. However, in apite of such a change of circumstances, it appears to be quite stable in the relative cost per itemized unit unless the manufacturing trend of particular item changes dramatically. Therefore, if the relative number of cost per itemized unit, which is produced by costing, is indicated, we are able to utilize it effectively as a standard wage estimate. If the wage of dental prosthetic restoration is determined on the basis of cost, it is desirable that the relative value of cost and that of wage are identical. But, by means of comparative analysis, since the relative value of wage reveals mostly lower than that of cost depending on an item, it is considered that the wage is not reflecting the cost approproately. Due to the subdivision and the profession of medical technology, the new development of wage items for dental prosthetic restoration is required. This means that the need for the establishment of new wage items should be presented as the general concept of dental prothetic restroation changes and the level of pathologic technology increases. The current wage structure has differences in the degree of difficulty accroding to unit items and in the cost factors. Nevertheless, the differences are not reflected enough to the wage, so there is potential to lower the medical quality through the use of low-proce materials to avoid the increase of cost and the work process which skips a manufacturing step. The new items of dental prosthetic restoration also increases, but the development of proper numerical value system is not supported. Thus, the right proce is set mostly by applying to the wage of a similar item. Since most wages are established by an individual agreement between the dental clinic institute and the dental labs, the propriety of wage level lacks. Therefore, it is urgent to provide and promote the system of a fair work charge by a standard cost which can be applied to all medical institute.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.13
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• pp.32-36
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• 1997

This study is on the interior design standards which is based on the user participicatiov. The design standards in office planning is relied on user participication with practical method and suitable survey item. On space programming and zonning phase, work relationship, visiting rate and characteristics of work can be applied. The rate to take desk-occupancy, information processing grade, the needs of side work table, visitor table and surplus storage space can help to get workstation unit type. The layout of units can be applied on the grade of communication and work-concetration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.192-198
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• 2010

To maximize effectiveness of standardization activities, it is essential to set priorities for determined standardization work items in the next generation internet protocol television (NG-IPTV) technologies. In this study, the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) is employed and applied to ranking of NG-IPTV standardization work items as a multi-criteria decision making tool which involves comprehensive surveys. Survey results are analyzed and we identified a useful three level segmentation of standardization strategic plan which shows standardization work item priorities.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.600-601
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• 2015

Both the importance and process of estimating Nuclear-power plant construction time and cost have increased in significance as energy user costs themselves have become more significant. In estimating construction time, few parameters are more significant than work item production rates and factors significantly affecting the rates. A standardized data collection tool was used to acquire a total of 401 data points from a S Nuclear-power plant project, for selected critical works: form-work, rebar-work, and concrete-pouring. With the data, several hypothesized drivers of the man-hour production rates and crew-day production rates were also analyzed. Findings from this study will enable industry professionals to enhance accuracy of time and cost estimation for nuclear power plant construction.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.263-267
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• 2015

Stakeholders of a construction project expect cost savings through fast and accurate cost analysis by performing BIM-based quantity take-off (BQT). However, authors have observed that there can be discrepancies in the results of BQT depending on the level of development (LOD) and modeling methods. In addition, since quantity take-off methods are different depending on the construction work items, the combination of LOD, modeling methods of BIM, features of construction work items can cause serious overestimate or underestimate in BQT results. It is necessary to identify what kind of problems can happen and how those problems can be avoided in various construction work items, since the discrepancy of quantity take-off results has great impact on not only cost analysis but also the determination of contract amount and it can cause claims, poor construction quality, cost overruns, and many others later in the construction project. Therefore, this paper focuses the identification of issues and problems of BQT at each construction work item level based on two categorizations of structural works and interior works.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.496-501
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• 2006

Work delay is the one of facts that make the reliability of construction business decrease. Building a causal classification system of work delay and deducing the managemental item for it gives a great competition to the construction industry. It is, however, so rare to study about work delay so far. Therefore, this research analyzed a questionnaire, which is focussing on the public apartment construction, to look into the causal root factors and deduce the work delay factors. Finally, we suggest a major managing point to remove effectively the work delay factors.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.77-82
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• 2009

This paper objected which prevented the accident occurrence of the related farm work, and developed the evaluation indicators for safety supervision on life environment of farmer and farm work to evaluate the health of farm worker and a musculoskeletal disorders. We selected the evaluation item to 82 items for executing the secondary Delphi investigation and the literature research which composed the farm work relationship specialist conference. We applied the index production of the evaluation indicators to decide the detailed element weight from the element which is farm work, the farm machine and the organization, farm workshop, dangerous substance, and life environment through the AHP techniques. Through the result, we can apply other ergonomic evaluation instrument of farm work field, but also the evaluation indicators for safety supervision on farm work.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.359-374
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• 2002

Objectives : To develop a physical functioning instrument for older adults living in the community. Methods : A representative sample of 979 people aged 65 years or over were interviewed in-person. Of these, 199 people also completed a detailed in-hospital examination. The scale items were selected based on the frequency of endorsement, along with the item-total and inter-item correlations. The associations of the scale with their physical performance and clinical examination were analyzed to evaluate the criterion-related validity. Construct validity was assessed using factor analysis, and internal consistency through Cronbach's alpha and item-total correlations. Test-retest reliability was measured by agreement between the household survey and the repeat survey at the in-hospital examination. Results : Initially, 23 items on the level of difficulty, ranging from no difficulty to an inability to complete a task, with the specific mobility and self-care tasks were included. Those with a high frequency of endorsement and a low inter-item or item-total correlations were excluded, resulting in a 10-item Physical Functioning (PT) scale. Equal weights were given to each item and a summated score was calculated. Significant associations were found between the PF scores and the physical performance, surrey and clinical data. The scale revealed a 2-factor (mobility and self-care) structure. Cronbach's alpha was 0.92 and the item-total correlations were in the 0.63 to 0.78 range. Pearson's correlations for the test-retest ranged between 0.56 and 0.61. Conclusions : The newly developed Physical Functioning (PF) scale showed good psychometric properties in older people. Further work, however, is needed to improve its sensitivity to discriminate higher levels of functioning, in addition to assessing its predictive value in detecting changes in health.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1097-1107
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a job stress scale for hospital-based home care nurses in Korea. The process was construction of the conceptual framework, development of the preliminary items, verification of the content validity, item analysis and test of the reliability. The preliminary items were based on literature review and in-depth interviews with home care nurses. As a result, eight categories and sixty items were selected. These were reviewed by seven specialists for content validity and finally fifty one items were chosen. Data was collected from 180 home care nurses who were engaged in 87 hospitals from August to September 2003. The result of item analysis one was excepted, The final item count was 50. Categories were as follows: overload work(8 items), lack of specialized knowledge and technique(5 items), ethical dilemma(4 items), role conflict(5 items), interpersonal relationships(6 items), visiting home environment(9 items), driving conditions(4 items) and lack of administrative support(9 items), The reliability of the scale by Cronbach's alpha was .948 and the domain's reliability ranged from .649 to .841. The result of this study could be used to measure the job stress of home care nurses. However, for further validity and reliability, repeated studies will be necessary.