• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2000

Purpose :The effect of PTK inhibitors (herbimycin A and genistein) on the induction of radiation-induced apoptosis in Ph-positive KS62 leukemia cell line was investigated. Materials and Methods :K562 cells in exponential growth phase were irradiated with a linear accelerator at room temperature. For 6 MV X-ray irradiation and drug treatment, cultures were initiated at 2×106 cells/mL. The cells were irradiated with 10 Gy. Stock solutions of herbimycin A and genistein were prepared in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). After incubation at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 0$\~$48 h, the extent of apoptosis was determined using agarose gel electrophoresis and TUNEL assay. The progression of cells through the cell cycle after irradiation and drug treatment was also determined with flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was used to monitor bel-2, bel-X$_{L}$ and bax protein levels. Results :Treatment with 10 Gy X-irradiation did not result in the induction of apoptosis. The HMA alone (500 nM) also failed to induce apoptosis. By contrast, incubation of K562 cells with HMA after irradiation resulted in a substantial induction of nuclear condensation and fragmentation by agarose gel electro-phoresis and TUNEL assay. Genistein failed to enhance the ability of X-irradiation to induce DNA fragmentation. Enhancement of apoptosis by HMA was not attributable to downregulation of the bel-2 or bel-X$_{L}$ anti-apoptotic proteins. When the cells were irradiated and maintained with HMA, the percentage of cells in G2/M phase decreased to 30$\~$40$\%$ at 48 h. On the other hand, cells exposed to 10 Gy X-irradiation alone or maintained with genistein did not show marked cell cycle redistribution. Conclusion : We have shown that nanomolar concentrations of the PTK inhibitor HMA synergize with X-irradiation in inducing the apoptosis in Ph (+) K562 leukemia cell line. While, genistein, a PTK inhibitor which is not selective for p210$^{bcr/abl}$ failed to enhance the radiation induced apoptosis in KS62 cells. It is unlikely that the ability of HMA to enhance apoptosis in K562 cells is attributable to bel-2 family. It is plausible that the relationship between cell cycle delays and cell death is essential for drug development based on molecular targeting designed to modify radiation-induced apoptosis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.3 s.272
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• pp.193-199
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• 2007

Background: Reoperation is usually required for a right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit obstruction caused by valve degeneration, conduit peel formation or somatic growth of the patient. An autologous tissue reconstruction (peel operation), where a prosthetic roof is placed over the fibrotic tissue bed of the explanted conduit, has been used to manage conduit obstructions at our institute since May 2002. Herein, the early and midterm results are evaluated. Material and Method: Between May 2002 and July 2006, 9 patients underwent obstructed extracardiac conduit replacement with an autologous tissue reconstruction, at a mean of 5.1 years after a Rastelli operation. The mean age at reoperation was $7.5{\pm}2.4$ years, ranging from 2.9 to 10.1 years. The diagnoses included 6 pulmonary atresia with VSD, 2 truncus arteriosus and 1 transposition of the great arteries. The preoperative mean systolic gradient was $88.3{\pm}22.2mmHg$, ranging from 58 to 125 mmHg. The explanted conduits were all Polystan valved pulmonary conduit (Polystan, Denmark). A bioprosthetic valve was inserted in 8 patients, and a monocusp ventricular outflow patch (MVOP) was used in 1 patient. The anterior wall was constructed with a Gore-Tex patch (n=7), MVOP (n=1) and bovine pericardium (n=1). Pulmonary artery angioplasty was required in 5 patients and anterior aortopexy in 2. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time . was 154 minutes, ranging from 133 to 181 minutes; an aortic crossclamp was not performed in all patients. The mean follow-up duration was 20 months, ranging from 1 to 51 months. All patients were evaluated for their right ventricular outflow pathway using a 3-D CT scan. Resuit: There was no operative mortality or late death. The mean pressure gradient, assessed by echocardiography through the right ventricular outflow tract, was 20.4 mmHg, ranging from 0 to 29.6 mmMg, at discharge and 26 mmHg, ranging from 13 to 36 mmHg, at the latest follow-up (n=7, follow-up duration >1 year). There were no pseudoaneurysms, strictures or thrombotic occlusions. Conclusion: A peel operation was concluded to be a safe and effective re-operative option for an obstructed extracardiac conduit following a Rastelli operation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.254-263
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• 2017

This study was carried out to introduce of agronomic characteristics, forage yields and quality of Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrids 'Cadan 99B' and 'Sweet Sioux WMR' from 2015 to 2016 in middle and southern regions of Korea. The field experiment design was complete in seven varieties with three repetitions. Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrids were sown on mid-May in middle region, and end-May in southern region of Korea, in 2015 and 2016. The observed average heading date of Cadan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR were July 22. The heading dates of Cadan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR were 8 days earlier than SX-17 and 5 days earlier than brown mid-rid (BMR) Revolution. The sugar contents of Cadan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR were 6.5 and $6.9Brix^{\circ}$, respectively. Comparison with BMR variety, the sugar contents of Candan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR were 0.2 and $0.6Brix^{\circ}$ higher than Revolution, respectively. The average of dry matter (DM) yield for 2 years and 2 regions of Cadan 99B (24,587kg/ha) were the highest among the seven varieties, but there was no significant difference among other varieties except headless control variety Jumbo (19,119kg/ha) and LATTE (20,778kg/ha) (p>0.05). The crude protein (CP) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of Cadan 99B were 7.5% and 60.2%, and Sweet Sioux WMR were 6.9% and 60.7%, respectively. The results of this study indicated that Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrids Cadan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR are earlier heading dates and higher than SX-17, and high yields of DM in middle and southern regions of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2010

This study was conducted to monitor aflatoxins in various medicinal herbs, providing available data for the safety of those products. To monitor aflatoxins in medicinal herbs, a total of 400 samples of 40 different herbs were collected in commercial retailers in Seoul, Daejeon, Gwangju, Daegu, and Busan from March to August, 2008. The samples that passed the sensory evaluation were tested for aflatoxins. Aflatoxins in samples were analyzed by HPLC-florescence coupled with photochemical enhancement. Samples were extracted with 70% methanol and then diluted to the appropriate concentration. A refining process was performed using an immunoaffinity column. The analytical method used in this study was validated. The $R^2$ value for aflatoxin $B_1$ was 0.99946, and the detection range was from 0.25 to 10.0 ng/mL. The accuracy of the analysis was ranged from 83.2% to 101.8%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) in the aflatoxin $B_1$ analysis was 3.4%, demonstrating the precision of this method. In addition, the detection limit and quantitative analysis limit of aflatoxin $B_1$ was $0.53\;{\mu}g/kg$ and $1.76\;{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. These results indicated that the analytical method used in this study was appropriate. The results of HPLC showed that 1% (4 samples) of the samples may contain aflatoxins. The concentration of quantified aflatoxin was $2.3\;{\mu}g/kg$ for both Quisqualis fructus and Remotiflori radix samples. The other samples were below the limit of quantification. Moreover, the concentration of aflatoxin $B_1$ which is made by specific fungi were below the level of regulation. Only 20% of aflatoxin $B_1$ were transferred to hot water. Therefore, the levels of aflatoxins in medicinal herbs were considered to be safe especially considering the aflatoxin transfer ratio.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1207-1214
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• 2017

Schisandrae Fructus (SF), the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of a number of chronic diseases. SF extracts have been recently reported to attenuate the inflammatory responses in SW1353 human chondrocyte cells in in vitro and monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced cartilage degradation in in vivo osteoarthritis (OA) models. However, their protective and therapeutic potentials against OA in primary culture chondrocytes and animal models remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the ethanol extract of SF on the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), biomarkers for diagnosis of OA, on interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}-induced$ primary cultured rat cartilage chondrocytes and MIA-induced osteoarthritis in a rat model. Our data indicated that SF treatment significantly reduced the mRNA expression and enzyme activity of MMP-1, -3 and -13 in $IL-1{\beta}-induced$ primary cultured rat cartilage chondrocytes. The chondro-protective effects of SF were then analyzed in a rat OA model using a single intra-articular injection of MIA in the right knee joint. According to our results, the elevated levels of MMP-1 and -3 were markedly ameliorated by SF administration. Collectively, these findings indicate that SF could be a candidate for the treatment of OA.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.10-20
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• 2020

This study aims to analyze the developed characteristics of the knowledge and information of gardens through garden or flowering plant books compiled in the 15th and 19th centuries of Joseon Dynasty. Diachronically analysis of the garden or flowering plant books classified the characteristics in which knowledge and information about gardens are developed by the period, and looked at the factors. The results are as follows; First, the relationship between the authors who compiled the garden or flowering plant books had similar characteristics to the genealogy of Realist School of Confucianism(實學) in the Joseon Dynasty. Kang, Hee-An's practical features influenced later realist school of confucianism scholars. Lee, Su-Gwang has accumulated knowledge of the garden through his experience of traveling the diplomatic envoy to China. Since then, Hong Man-sun's ideology has been related to Charles, a member of the Southerners. Seo Yu-gu was also able to accept Realist School of Confucianism in an integrated way through the Jungnong school's theory and interaction with the Jungsang school. Ryu, Jung-Lim's relationship with the Jungnong school emerged as he added to the 『Jeungbosanrimgyeongje(增補山林經濟)』. Second, the 『Yanghwasorok(養花小錄)』, 『Jibongyuseol(芝峯類說)』 「Hwuimok(卉木)」, 『Hangjeongrok(閑情錄)』, 『Sanrimgyeongje(山林經濟)』 「Yanghwa(養花)」, 『Jeungbosanrimgyeongje(增補山林經濟)』 「Yanghwa(養花)」, 『Hwaamsurok(花庵隨錄)』 and 『Imwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志)』 「Yewonji(藝畹志)」 contain garden plant characteristics, cultivation methods, and management methods. The 『Imwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志)』 「Seomyongji(贍用志)」, 「Iunji(怡雲志)」, 「Sangtaekji(相宅志)」 contain details on the location selection of gardens, the layout of facilities, how to create them and materials. The description of these garden or flowering plant books was found to be the most common introduction with 55 percent, followed by methodologies(42.8%), the Lichi Theory(理氣論, 15.5%), the classification(12.4%), and the convention(1.9%). Third, based on the importance of knowledge and information on gardens, the garden or flowering plant books related to the period were classified as early period, including 『Yanghwasorok(養花小錄)』, 『Jibongyuseol(芝峯類說)』 which were compiled before the 17th century. The 18th-century compiled 『Sanrimgyeongje(山林經濟)』 and 『Jeungbosanrimgyeongje(增補山林經濟)』 were classified as middle period, and the 19th-century compilation of 『Imwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志)』 was classified as late period. The garden or flowering plant books were cited the contents of ancient Chinese books, the author's experiences and opinions contained in the preceding period in later garden books. And the reinforcement of garden knowledge was made to reflect the agricultural technology and expertise developed at the time of writing. Fourth, based on analysis of the development and acceptance of knowledge information in garden by period, In the early period was dealing with floriculture as a way to explore the logic of things. Later, in the 18th century, a vast influx of garden knowledge information came from China. Among scholars, they secured justification for garden creation as part of various knowledge-seeking activities, which expanded their expertise in gardens. In response to the trend of gardening in the 19th century, professional books were written based on knowledge and information on gardens that were collected in the past, and systems were established such as the collection and management of garden plants, construction methods, enjoying methods, and self-realization.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.329-338
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• 2010

Objective: This study was carried out to know whether cryopreservation of sibling 2PN zygotes could increase the cumulative delivery rates in the patients who had less than 10 fertilized zygotes. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed in 138 in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) cycles with less than 10 fertilized zygotes during January 2003 to December 2007 in Cheil General Hospital. These cycles were divided into two groups. In Group I (n=86), all fertilized embryos were cultured to transfer on day 3 without cryopreserved embryos at the 2PN stage. In Group II (n=52), among fertilized zygotes, some sibling zygotes were frozen at the 2PN stage, the remainder were cultured to transfer. Clinical outcomes in fresh ET cycles and cumulative ongoing pregnancy rates after subsequent frozen-thawed (FT)-ET cycles were compared. Results: There were no significant differences in female mean age, number of retrieved oocytes and total fertilized embryos between two groups, Number of cultured embryos was significantly lower in Group II ($5.2{\pm}0.5$) than in Group I ($8.4{\pm}0.7$) (p<0.01). Also, number of transferred embryos was significantly lower in Group II ($3.3{\pm}0.6$) compared with Group I ($3.6{\pm}0.6$) (p<0.01). ${\beta}$-hCG positive rates and delivery rates (51.2 vs. 46.2 % and 41.9 vs. 34.6 %, respectively) after fresh ET were slightly higher in Group I than in Group II. However, the differences were not statistically significant. Also, the cumulative delivery rates after subsequent FT-ET cycles were not significantly different between Group I (48.8%) and Group II (50.0%). Conclusion: This study showed that cryopreservation of sibling 2PN zygotes from patients who had less than 10 zygotes in the fresh ET cycles did not increase cumulative delivery outcomes. But, it could provide an alternative choice for patients due to offering more chance for embryo transfers if pregnancy was failed in fresh IVF-ET cycles.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.7 s.87
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• pp.889-895
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• 2007

A conventional kinesin, KIF5/kinesin-I, is composed of two kinesin heavy chains (KHCs) and two kinesin light chains (KLCs) and binds directly to microtubules. KIF5 motor mediates the transport of various membranous organelles, but the mechanism how they recognize and bind to a specific cargo has not yet been completely elucidated. Here, we used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify the neuronal protein(s) that interacts with the tetratricopeptide repeats (TRP) of KLCI and found a specific interaction with JNK/stress-activated protein kinase-associated protein 1 (JSAP1/JIPP3). The yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated that the TRP 1,2 domain-containing region of KLCI mediated binding to the leucine zipper domain of JSAP1. JSAP1 also bound to the TRP region of lac2 but not to neuronal KIF5A, KIF5C and ubiquitous KIF5B in the yeast two-hybrid assay. In addition, these proteins showed specific interactions in the GST pull-down assay and by co-immunoprecipitation. KLCI and KIF5B interacted with GST-ISAP1 fusion proteins, but not with GST alone. An antibody to JSAPI specifically co-immunoprecipitated KIF5s associated with JSAP1 from mouse brain extracts. These results suggest that JSAP1, as KLC1 receptor, is involved in the KIF5 mediated transport.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.319-332
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• 2009

The present study was performed to analyze the life style and eating behavior of stroke patients and to find the risk factors related to stroke incidence in Daegu and Gyeongbuk Province, Korea. The case subjects (n=100) were selected from newly diagnosed stroke patients at Kyungpook National University Hospital. The control subjects (n=150) were selected from community inhabitants who did not have stroke history and were sex and age-matched with the case subjects. The survey was conducted by individual interviews using questionnaires on the general characteristics, life-style, eating behavior, food intake frequency and food preference. The high body mass index, preexisting diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, stroke family history, smoking, overeating habit and high preference for sweet, greasy and meat foods appeared to be the risk factors for stroke incidence. On the other hand, the results suggest that life style of regular exercise and nonsmoking, food habits of green tea drinking and enough chewing, preference for Korean meal type, high intake frequency for legumes, vegetables, mushrooms, seaweeds, fishes and shell fishes, soy milk and green tea might be the protective factors for the stroke. Therefore, maintenance of healthy weight, the prevention and management of the deteriorative chronic diseases, change of life style and improvement of eating behaviors are considered to be important for stroke prevention.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.5 no.3 s.19
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• pp.200-205
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• 2005

Purpose: KLF4, a member of the KLF family, is a zinc finger tumor suppressor protein that is critical for gastric epithelial homeostasis. Our aim was to determine whether the altered expression of KLF4 might be associated with gastric cancer development and, if so, to determine to which pathologic parameter it is linked. Materials and Methods: For the construction of the gastric cancer tissue microarray, 84 paraffin-embedded tissues containing gastric cancer areas were cored 3 times and transferred to the recipient master block. The expression pattern of KLF4 was examined on tissue microarray slides by using immunohistochemistry and was compared with pathologic parameters, including histologic type, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, and peritoneal dissemination. Results: The KLF4 protein was expressed in cytoplasm and nucleus of superficial and foveolar epithelial cells in the normal gastric mucosa. We found markedly reduced or loss of KLF4 expression in 43 (51.2%) of the 84 gastric cancer tissues. There was no significant correlation between KLF4 expression and pathologic parameters, including histologic type, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and peritoneal dissemination. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that altered expression of KLF4 may contribute to abnormal regulation of gastrointestinal epithelial cell growth and differentiation and to the development of Korean gastric cancer, as an early event.