• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.41-51
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• 2008

Background: The purpose of this study is to determine how the cognitive state of the elderly influences the activities of daily living(ADL) in order to increase their achievement capacity and their ability to exercise this capacity in daily life. The MMSE-K(Mini-Mental State Examination-Korean) was used to evaluate the daily activities and cognitive state of a group of subjects more than 65 years of age. The goal was to understand (1) How their achievement level in their daily activities changes according to the increase and decrease of their cognition points by analyzing and comparing their achievement points in the mental state examination, and (2) What variables influence that daily achievement level. Methods: The survey was conducted by a group of students from AnSan College who were trained for this method of data collection. The group surveyed 224 senior citizens older than 65 to determine their ADL performance. The subjects were selected from Silver Care Centers in the Gyounggi Province area including centers in Suwon, Anyang, Kwachun, and Sanbon City. The subjects were given enough information to fully understand the purpose of the study and the method by which it would be conducted. The survey method was a direct interview: which involved an interviewer reading the questionnaire to the subject and recording the answer. Result: The following results were calculated using SPSS WIN ver. 13.0: In the lower score of the MMSE-K regarding ADL performance (K-MBI) for activities such as individual hygiene, bathing activity, food activity, toilet management, going up stairs, getting dressed ad undressed, controlling stools and urination, walking, and chair/bed movement, most of the subjects responded that they could not perform these activities by themselves (p<.01). In the higher scores for the same activities, most response that they could perform the tasks by themselves (p<.01). In the results of the multiple regression analysis, there influence of the variables for ADL performance (K-MBI) and MMSE-K score was higher for females than males. Conclusion: This study evaluated the cognitive state of the elderly using the MMSE-K, which is the most convenient method, and examined how the cognitive state influences the achievement capacity of the daily lives with other variables. In conclusion, the higher the score on the MMSE-K, the more independent the elders are in the activities of daily living, especially among women more than men.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.197-220
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• 2005

This paper examined the structure of internet bookstore users' subjectivity by focusing on their beliefs, values and attitudes.0 methodology was utilized for the study. After constituting 36 Q sample and 28 P sample, data were collect from April 15, 2005 to April 22 2005. The analyses showed 3 types of subjectivity structures. The first one was 'the economic benefit-seeking type.' Those in this type were motivated to use internet bookstores to achieve economic benefits. They paid more attention to the Prices discounted than the web site contents provided by internet bookstores. This type was conspicuously found among college students. The second one was the 'information-seeking type.' People in this category made visits to internet bookstores in order to obtain new information or professional materials. This type was dominantly found among women. The third one was the 'convenience-seeking type.' Those in this type were concerned not only with the accessibility and convenience, but also with such practical issues as delivery, price, applicability, payment, and bonus. This type was conspicuously observed among white collar workers. These findings suggests that in order to make internet bookstores more attractive to users, it is demanded to understand various needs held by users and map out sophisticated marketing strategies on the basis of such a knowledge.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.187-199
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• 1992

The purpose of the study is to assess and evaluate methods employed in nutrition surveys and to give an information on methodological considerations for future studies in Korea. Three hundred thirty six papers of nutritional surveys published from 1960 to 1990 were classified into 9 groups according to the survey subject and analyzed for methods used in survey. The frequency of publications according to the survey subject was as the following order : 'in-fants and preschool children' 'school age children' 'adolescence' 'college students' 'preg-nant and lactating women' 'housewives' 'the elderly' 'workers' and 'patients' Eighty five percents of papers applied methods of dietary assessment. of which weighing method recall method an record method were extensively used in the order. Questionnairs included items related to nutrition such as food habit nutrition knowledge etc. Anthropometric techniques were employed in 53% of papers and in general growth measurement were undertaken for children and body composition was emphasized for adults. biochemical assessment was limited to 32% of papers and assessment of anemia was the major test. Clinical studies were applied to 26% of the studies. of which only 5% employed examination of clinical signs of malnutrition Recently self-reported health status assessed using questionnaires has been adopted frequently. Further researches are required for evaluation of the methods employed in nutrition surveys in order to develop the standard model for nutrtion survey so that obtained data can become more reliable and utilized efficiently.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.85-106
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• 1986

The purpose of this investigation was to know the means of the T.M.J. space and to compare spational differences in centric relation and centric occlusion by the T.M.J. Tomogram and to study the correlation between the articular eminence slope and the lingual surface slope of the maxillary central incisor by the Cephalogram in near normal occlusion subjects. These results could give contribution for the diagnosis of orthodontic treatment and T.M.J. dysfunction and the assessment of orthopedic treatment and orthognathic surgery. 44 young adults (28 men and 16 women, 21 to 27 years of age) were selected from the Dental students in Yonsei Univ. Criteria for selection was normal occlusion, no clinical signs and T.M.J. dysfunction, no history of orthodontic treatment, and no missing tooth. After submental vertex view analysis. each subject was given the T.M.J. Tomogram in centric relation and centric occlusion and the Cephalogram was given with Quint Sectograph. All data was recorded and statistically processed with the CYBER computer system. Results were analyzed: the following findings and conclusions were derived. 1. The mean value for the combined right and left anterior joint space was 2.549mm, the posterior space was 2.260mm, and superior space was 3.31mm in centric relation. The anterior space was 2.316mm, posterior space was 2.474mm, and superior space was 3.435mm in centric occlusion. 2. In the centric relation position, both condyles were placed more posterioly and superioly in their fossae than in the centric occlusion position by the spatial difference. 3. In the centric occlusion position, both condyles were more symmetrically placed in their fossae with equal anterior-posterioly rather than in the centric relation position. 4. The mean articular eminence angle was $48.19^{\circ}$ and the mean fossa height was 7.911mm. A strong positive correlation between the articular eminence angle and fossa height in T.M.J. Tomogram was found. 5. In Cephalometric analysis, there was a strong positive correlation between the articular eminence slope and the lingual surface slope of the upper central incisor to the FH plane, occlusal plane, and S-N plane. 6. There was moderate positive correlation between the S-E measurements and the fossa height, articular eminence angle, and DcGn < F-H.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.108-117
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• 2017

Objective: To investigate the effects of frontal facial type (FFT) and sex on preferred chin projection (CP) in three-dimensional (3D) facial images. Methods: Six 3D facial images were acquired using a 3D facial scanner (euryprosopic [Eury-FFT], mesoprosopic [Meso-FFT], and leptoprosopic [Lepto-FFT] for each sex). After normal CP in each 3D facial image was set to $10^{\circ}$ of the facial profile angle (glabella-subnasale-pogonion), CPs were morphed by gradations of $2^{\circ}$ from normal (moderately protrusive [$6^{\circ}$], slightly protrusive [$8^{\circ}$], slightly retrusive [$12^{\circ}$], and moderately retrusive [$14^{\circ}$]). Seventy-five dental students (48 men and 27 women) were asked to rate the CPs ($6^{\circ}$, $8^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$, $12^{\circ}$, and $14^{\circ}$) from the most to least preferred in each 3D image. Statistical analyses included the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Bonferroni correction. Results: No significant difference was observed in the distribution of preferred CP in the same FFT between male and female evaluators. In Meso-FFT, the normal CP was the most preferred without any sex difference. However, in Eury-FFT, the slightly protrusive CP was favored in male 3D images, but the normal CP was preferred in female 3D images. In Lepto-FFT, the normal CP was favored in male 3D images, whereas the slightly retrusive CP was favored in female 3D images. The mean preferred CP angle differed significantly according to FFT (Eury-FFT: male, $8.7^{\circ}$, female, $9.9^{\circ}$; Meso-FFT: male, $9.8^{\circ}$, female, $10.7^{\circ}$; Lepto-FFT: male, $10.8^{\circ}$, female, $11.4^{\circ}$; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings might serve as guidelines for setting the preferred CP according to FFT and sex.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2000

This study aims to reveal whether attachment relationship with parents can differ from children being accepted and rejected in peer relations, and whether children's rejection sensitivity can differ from children having secure and insecure attachment relationship with parents. Subjects were 218 students in fifth and sixth grade of primary school. Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment(IPPA), Children's Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire(CRSQ), and peer relation sociometrics were used as measurements. The results showed that children in secure attachment with parents had lower scores on the subscales of CRSQ, such as anxiety, anger, belief, and psychological reaction, than children in insure attachment relationship with parents. And IPPA scores were higher in children being accepted in peer relation than children being rejected. These results can be considered that early attachment relationship with parents may influence children's rejection sensitivity and peer relation.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.44-57
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• 1983

The explosion of the aging population is changing the social environment of today's older people. Traditionally in Korea, a large percentage(over 90%) of elderly parents have lived with their married first son. But today, the number of elderly who live with their married sons has decreased(65.6%) The number of those who live in a different situation such as with their married daughter, unmarried offspring, with a spouse or alone has increased (34.4%) We can expect that the number of the elderly who have to live in institution will increase. The objective of this investigation was to determine differences in the number of health Complaints of older people according to their living situation with a view to planning more effective health care. The sample consisted of 231 persons over 65 years of age, 60 living in an Old Age Home ana 171 living in their own home in Kwangju. Data were gathered from July 9 to 26, 1983 by nursing students using a Questionnaire which was a modified form of the Cornell Medical Index. The data were categorized according to the subjects, living, sex, educational level, previous occupation, hobbies and sexual activity. The date were analyzed for statistical significant differences using F and X²tests. findings included the following: 1. There was a higher number of health complaints from persons who live in the institution than those living at home, but the difference was not significant. 2. The highest number of health Complaints were from persons who live alone, followed by those living with their daughters, and then by those living in the institution. Persons who live with their sons had the least Complaints. The difference in the number of Complaints accord-ing to with whom they were living was significant. 3. Women had signincantly more Complaints than men. Persons who were not living with their spouses had significantly more complaints than those living with their spouses.4. The higher eductional level the persons had, the less health Complaints they had. The number of Complaints accoraing to educational level was significantly different. 5. The highest number of health complaints were from persons who had involved in Commerce and industry, followed by those in Agriculture. Persons who were civil servant had the least 6. There were more complains from persons who had no hobby than those with hobbies. The complaints. The difference was significant. difference was significant. 7. Persons who said they were sexually inactive had significantly more complaints than those who said they were sexually active. As age increased, sexual activity significantly decreased. Those who lived with their spouse were significantly more sexually active. 8. The highest number of Somatic Complaints were eye fatigue, followed by nocturnal frequency, lumbago, cramps in extremities, vertigo, stiffness in Shoulder, tinnitus, common cold and constipation. The order of Psychic Complaints from higher to lower were anger. sensitivity, anxiety, depression and loneliness. 9. This group of Elderly persons said they valued Health the most, followed by Harmony, Religion, Money and Honor.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1145-1154
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• 2012

Recent research has been mostly focused on the differences of prenatal sex hormone could affect the ratio of the lengths of the second to fourth digits (2D:4D) as well as the rate of several physiological characteristics. It has been suggested that digit ratios are thought to be associated with either higher prenatal testosterone levels or greater sensitivity to androgens, or both. However, a study of person with disabilities are rare in Korea. The purpose of this study was to compare patterns of the ratio (2D:4D) of the lengths of the second and fourth digits in persons with disabilities and students without disabilities. Also, we empirically analyze the characteristics of persons with disabilities. We found that finger length ratio (2D:4D) of men with disabilities and student without disabilities were lower than women with disabilities and student without disabilities. Therefore, it could be confirmed that finger length ratio (2D:4D) is sexually dimorphic trait. There were no correlations between finger length ratio (2D:4D) and age group in persons with disabilities. Therefore, as with person without disabilities, the 2D:4D ratio was negatively associated with a growth process of persons with disabilities. Finally, There was no difference correlations between finger length ratio (2D:4D) and level of disability in persons with intellectual disabilities. From this, one possible explanation for this is that if finger length ratio (2D:4D) is related to person with disability then current classification of the level of disability deserves further investigation.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.16-28
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine and share experiences of male nurses who have been rejected during their nursing practice by their patients. Methods: The participants were 12 male nurses who have worked in several hospitals. Data were collected through personalized in-depth interviews. Collected data were analyzed with the content analysis method. Results: The results can be categorized into three main themes. 1. Rejection based on gender stereotypes of nurses' roles. 2. Nurses' reactions when nursing was rejected 3. Reestablishing the role as a nurse. The results of this study showed that male nurses were struggling to maintain their own positions as professional nurses. They were refused by their patients and they experienced a lack of skill and knowledge in nursing practice. They were harmed physically and psychologically from being turned down, and sometimes they had serious conflicts with female nurses. Meanwhile, the male nurses tried to be faithful to their role as professional nurses. Conclusion: The results of this study show the following findings. 1. The male nurses' experiences where mostly ones of understanding and cooperation with patients' caregivers. 2. The need for public relations advertising and systematic support from the media. 3. The need for improving gender equality for nurses. 4. Strengthening male nursing students' endeavors for sound nursing professionalism.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.31-60
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• 2005

This study was performed to analyze empowerment process of the disabled. Participants were 11 disabled college students and they were individually face-to-face in-depth interviewed until data were saturated. This study used the grounded theory approach based on Strauss and Corbin(1998). With the qualitative constant comparative analysis, 105 concepts, 22 subcategories, and 12 categories were generated. In the axial coding, a paradigm model was proposed as follows: The central phenomenon of the empowerment process of the disabled adolescents was 'Rising from the Limits'. The causal conditions were 'Just living' and 'realizing disabilities'. The contextual conditions were 'Being excluded', 'But wishing', and 'Breaking down'. The intervening conditions were 'Without giving up' and 'Taking support'. The action/interaction strategies were 'Grasping own lifestyle' and 'Being proactive'. The consequences were 'Acquiring the self-control', 'Getting generosity', and 'Participating in society'. In the selective coding, the core category was 'to live together stately with grasping own lifestyle pro-actively as the disabled'. Based on the core category, three types and 4 stages of the empowerment process of the disabled adolescents were found. The types were 'Social change oriented type', 'Self-development oriented type', and 'Passive effort oriented type' and the stages took 'Isolation stage', 'Rising stage', 'Mastering stage' and 'Stately being together stage'. In particular, this process had the circulation structure of which these 4 stages are not terminated, and developed and repeated. In conclusion, these results convey to us the understanding and knowledge about empowerment process of the disabled as their healthy -whole and unique- development process. And some implications and suggestions for the social work services and theories about the disabled focusing on the pre-adulthood period.