• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3253-3258
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• 2012

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) plus chemotherapy versus WBRT alone for treating brain metastases (BM) from lung cancer by performing a meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: The PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, ASCO, ESMO, CBM, CNKI, and VIP databases were searched for relevant RCTs performed between January 2000 and March 2012. After quality assessment and data extraction, the meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.1 software, with funnel plot evaluation of publication bias. Results: 19 RCTs involving 1,343 patients were included. The meta-analyses demonstrated that compared to WBRT alone, WBRT plus chemotherapy was more effective with regard to the objective response rate (OR = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.79 - 2.98; P < 0.001); however, the incidences of gastrointestinal reactions (RR = 3.82, 95% CI = 2.33 - 6.28, P <0.001), bone marrow suppression (RR = 5.49, 95% CI = 3.65 - 8.25, P < 0.001), thrombocytopenia (RR = 5.83, 95% CI = 0.39 - 86.59; P = 0.20), leukopenia (RR = 3.13, 95% CI = 1.77 - 5.51; P < 0.001), and neutropenia (RR = 2.75, 95% CI = 1.61 - 4.68; P < 0.001) in patients treated with WBRT plus chemotherapy were higher than with WBRT alone. There was no obvious publication bias detected. Conclusion: WBRT plus chemotherapy can obviously improve total efficacy rate, butalso increases the incidence of adverse reactions compared to WBRT alone. From the limitations of this study, more large-scale, high-quality RCTs are suggested for further verification.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1 s.29
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• pp.468-474
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• 1995

After bibliographic study on function of the brain(腦, nao) on the basis of zangxiang theory(藏象論的), the theory of visceral activities), the following conclusions were obtained: 1. Brain is the organ conglomerated with marrow(隨, sui) between Baihui(百會) and Fengfu(風府) 2. Brain has different function and names according to the parts. 3. Brain is on anatomical view the extraordinary organ(奇恒之府, qiheng zhi fu) and stores clarified air(氣, qi) of fresh air. 4. Brain is the places where the viral essence (精, jeong) of five viscera is activated. 5. Brain is the places where the vital essence congeries into the mind(神, shen) Yang form of the essence. 6. The mind converted from the brain emerges in the whole body the sensory organs and carries vital function. 7. Brain reservoirs the mind, while the heart(心, xm) is thought to make judgement inroyght the speculation on the outward stimulus of matter and give orders to the mind in the chest.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2010

Purpose: To compare radiation dose of the brain and lens among various conventional whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) techniques. Materials and Methods: Treatment plans for WBRT were generated with planning computed tomography scans of 11 patients. A traditional plan with an isocenter located at the field center and a parallel anterior margin at the lateral bony canthus was generated (P1). Blocks were automatically generated with a 1 cm margin on the brain (5 mm for the lens). Subsequently, the isocenter was moved to the lateral bony canthus (P2), and the blocks were replaced into the multileaf collimator (MLC) with a 5 mm leaf width in the craniocaudal direction (P3). For each patient plan, 30 Gy was prescribed at the isocenter of P1. Dose volume histogram (DVH) parameters of the brain and lens were compared by way of a paired t-test. Results: Mean values of $D_{max}$ and $V_{105}$ of the brain in P1 were 111.9% and 23.6%, respectively. In P2 and P3, $D_{max}$ and $V_{105}$ of the brain were significantly reduced to 107.2% and 4.5~4.6%, respectively (p<0.001). The mean value of $D_{mean}$ of the lens was 3.1 Gy in P1 and 2.4~2.9 Gy in P2 and P3 (p<0.001). Conclusion: WBRT treatment plans with an isocenter located at the lateral bony canthus have dosimetric advantages for both the brain and lens without any complex method changes.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of four-field box whole brain radiotherapy (FB-WBRT) with tilting baseplate by comparing bilateral WBRT (B-WBRT). Methods and Materials: Between March 2016 and September 2018, 20 patients with brain metastases underwent WBRT using the four-field box technique. WBRT is performed with a dose of 30 Gy in 10 fractions daily. Two computed tomography simulations per person were performed. One was in the traditional supine position for B-WBRT and the other by applying the tilting acrylic supine baseplate to elevate the head by 40° for FB-WBRT. The B-WBRT used the field-in-field technique, which is the most commonly used method in our institution. The FB-WBRT comprised anterior, posterior, and bilateral beams. A wedge was applied in anterior and posterior fields to compensate for skull convexity. Results: The average of Dmean of both parotid glands was 10.2 Gy (range, 3.8 to 17.8 Gy) in B-WBRT and 5.4 Gy (range, 2.0 to 11.7 Gy) in FB-WBRT (p < 0.05). Compared to B-WBRT, FB-WBRT reduced the mean dose of the right and left parotid glands from 10.1 Gy to 4.9 Gy and from 10.4 Gy to 5.8 Gy, respectively (p < 0.05). Further, V₅, V₁₀, V₁₅, V₂₀, and V₂₅ for the parotid gland decreased significantly in FB-WBRT (p < 0.05). The Dmax and Dmean of lens decreased according to the dose-volume histogram. Conclusion: Compared to B-WBRT, FB-WBRT with a tilting baseplate is a simple and effective method that takes feature of noncoplanar beam to protect the parotid gland.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.23-43
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to provide some necessary baseline data to the information prodigy related research through the study on the brain left/right tendency of information prodigies. Subjects were 298 gifted students(59 information, 79 mathematics, 80 science, 40 invention, 40 social science) and 114 general students summing up 412 in the schools of Daejeon metropolitan area. 'Brain Tendency Test' developed by Torrance and modified by Ko in Korean was used as a tool to measure the prodigies' brain tendencies. Data analysis has been done with the $x^2$ test of frequency with the alpha = .05. The results of this study are as follows. 1) The information gifted students have tendencies of utilizing right brain hemisphere at the most, both left/right brain(whole brain) utilization at the second, and left brain utilization at the last. 2) There was statistically no difference between information prodigies and general students in the left/right brain tendency. 3) There was statistically mild evidence to support the notion that there are some differences in the brain tendency between the group of information prodigies and the group of other area of the prodigies. The degree of inclination to utilize the whole brain hemisphere for the prodigies of the other area was the highest compare to other left/right brain utilization while the information prodigies tend to utilize the right brain hemisphere at the most. 4) The female information prodigies have tendencies of utilizing while brain area at the most, right brain utilization at the second, and left brain utilization at the last contrary to the brain utilization tendencies in the male information prodigies which are the same as the brain utilization tendencies of the information prodigies. However there was no difference in brain tendencies statistically between the two groups since the female subjects were too small.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• no.5
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• pp.103-122
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• 1999

In this paper, I will argue that in teaching L2, it is important to take a holistic teaching method considering various learning styles of the learners and the nature of L2 learning. Under the situation that most of the school education is centered on the left brain activity, learners with the right brain preference tend to get only to the lower proficiency than they really can. To prove this, I conducted a experiment on two classes of high school students. I decided the hemispheric preference of each students using HMI (hemispheric mode indicator) Then I compared the hemispheric preferences of students with their scores in English tests. The students with right hemispheric preference show significantly lower scores than the ones with left preference. It is implied that the current English education should adapted to address various learning and cognitive styles and whole-brain L2 teaching method should replace the left-centered instruction in the learning environment.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.190-193
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• 2011

Disseminated cysticercosis is a rare form of cysticercosis in which the cysticerci spread out through the whole body. We report the first case of a 39-year-old Mongolian with disseminated cysticercosis. He visited our hospital with generalized tonic-clonic seizure. After extensive investigation from brain computed tomography (CT), spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), whole body MRI and pathologic biopsy, he was diagnosed as having cysticercosis involving the brain, subcutaneous tissue, and skeletal muscles through the whole body. We treated him with the albendazole in which case the followed MRI showed that numbers of cystic lesions were copiously decreased. We report an unsual case of disseminated cysticercosis treated with medical therapy.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 1994

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a disease of unknown etiology characterized by the accumulation of PAS positive lipoproteinaceous material in the alveolar spaces sparing septum. The therapy which has enjoyed the greatest success is whole lung lavage. The authors reported here, a case of 44 year old male patient with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, and this is the 7th case in Korea. The patient underwent whole lung lavage but expired due to brain edema complicated by the procedure. He complained exertional dyspnea and cyanotic lips, and presented fine inspiratory crackle at both lower lung fields, decreased arterial oxygen pressure, and diffuse infiltration at whole lung field. Light microscopic finding of lung tissue obtained by transbronchial lung biopsy revealed PAS positive amorphous, granular material filled in the alveolar spaces, and electron microscopy of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid concentrate showed many electron-dense multi-lamellated structures. To treat the disease, the authors tried whole lung lavage of left lung with $37^{\circ}C$ isotonic saline under general anesthesia. However, he expired due to brain edema probably due to dilutional hyponatremia complicated by the procedure, 11 days after the procedure. Whole lung lavage is known relatively safe, but fatal complication may occur like this case.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.6187-6192
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• 2014

The use of WBRT(whole brain radiation therapy) has increased due to the increase in the incidence of metastatic brain tumors. The development of radiation therapy techniques is expected to improve the quality of life. The VMAT (Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy) is an excellent treatment technique that can distinguish the dose in each volume. Therefore, this study compared conventional WBRT and VMAT for hair loss according to the scalp dose using a head phantom. The CI (Conformity Index), HI (Homogeneity Index) and QOC (Quality of Coverage) were measured brain tissue. A 20 percent and 50 percent dose was measured at the scalp, eyeball, lens, and c-spine. Conventional WBRT is excellent at 10 percent of brain tissue. VMAT is far superior at 1000 percent at the other organs. VMAT at the prescribed dose can be used as radiation therapy of metastatic brain tumors with less hair loss.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.272-273
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• 2004

We experienced a case with meningioma showing false positive I-131 uptake. A 55-years old female patient underwent high dose (150 mCi) radioactive iodine therapy to ablate remnant tissue after total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid cancer. in addition to intense tracer uptake in thyroid bed, there was mild but focal abnormal uptake in left frontal lobe of the brain on post-therapy I-131 whole body scan. Subsequent brain MR imaging showed single mass lesion in left frontal lobe and the mass was resected under the impression of brain metastasis of thyroid carcinoma. Pathologic report confirmed meningioma from the surgical specimen.