• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.1136-1141
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• 2011

Effect of dietary essential oils on growth, feed utilization and meat yields of white leg shrimp L. vannamei was investigated. White shrimp fry weighing 0.62 g were kept in one of 12 tanks (75 head/500 L holding tank) in a closed recirculation system. Four experimental diets, a commercial diet (control), phytoncide oil (PO), oregano oil (OO) and fermented garlic liquid (GL) were fed for 16 weeks. The mean water quality values for the whole experimental period were $27.8{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $7.6{\pm}0.3$, $15.5{\pm}0.3$ g/L and $6.1{\pm}0.3$ mg/L for water temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen, respectively. At the end of the trial, 10 shrimp per tank were randomly sampled and meat yields (%) were evaluated after peeling the shell and removing the head. After a 16 week feeding trial, final weight of shrimp ranged from 21.9 g to 23.6 g. Feed conversion was not significantly different among groups (p>0.05), which was the lowest (1.95) in the control and highest (2.30) in the PO. Specific growth rate was also not significantly different (p>0.05) and ranged from 3.18% to 3.25%. Average daily gain of 0.2 g was obtained in all treatments. Mortality varied from 35.1% for control to 44.9% for OO. Meat yields maintained constant at 52.1% for control to 53.0% for PO. The study suggested that natural essential oils could not exert any improvement in growth performance, mortality and meat yields of white leg shrimp.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2008

Viral diseases are major emerging problems of shrimp that have affected the production, and even complete losses for shrimp farms. In this study, we developed a sensitive TaqMan real-time PCR method to quantify white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) in the shrimp and pond water in which fleshy shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis, and Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, are reared. WSSV and HPV in pond seawaters ranged from $1.65{\times}10^3$ to $2.43{\times}10^9$ and from 0 to $4.43{\times}10^5$ copies/L of seawater, respectively. Of 20 ponds analyzed, all pond water and shrimp were positive for WSSv. L. vannamei showed higher susceptibility to WSSV than F chinensis. HPV was detected only in the pond water for F chinensis. In shrimp tissue, however, HPV was found in both species, with 23-times higher infection rate in F chinensis than L. vannamei. The total bacterial counts in the pond water ranged from $2.23{\times}l0^3$ to $1.98{\times}l0^5\;CFU/mL$. The variations in total bacterial count for each pond appeared to correlate to the variations of the WSSV load. Statistical analysis indicated that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the WSSV load in pond water and shrimp, and there was no relationship between total bacterial load and viral load in the pond water. However, a significant difference (P<0.01) was found between HPV load and L. vannamei and F chinensis pond water.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.361-368
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• 2023

Juveniles of the white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Weight 0.18±0.08 g) were exposed to nitrite-N at 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L for 72 hours, and the lethal concentration, heamolymph and genes regulation were evaluated. The lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀) of L. vannamei exposed to nitrite-N was 141.2 mg/L at 25℃ and 33 psu. In Total protein, total cholesterol, and BUN in heamolymph temporarily increased after the start of the experiment and then stabilized, but glucose, an indicator of stress, decreased over time in the entire experimental group, and creatines, an indicator of tissue damage, decreased with nitrite concentration until the first 12 hours. The genes of immune-related showed that masquerade-like serine proteinase(Mas) increased at 50 and 400 ppm for 24 hours, and then gradually decreased depending on concentration. In the case of prophenoloxidase, it was highest at 400 ppm for 40 hours, and other genes(Ras-related nuclear protein, Masquerade-like serine proteinase, proPO-activating enzyme) showed a response for 48 hours and then gradually decreased. The results of this study indicate that exposure to nitrite can affect the survival and hematological physiology of L. vannamei.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.429-440
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• 2022

This study assessed the effects of oxygen and ozone nanobubbles on gill morphology, weight gain, and mortality of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), as well as the level of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and water quality of shrimp culture tanks under lab conditions. Two experiments were carried out with oxygen macrobubble, ozone macrobubble, oxygen nanobubble, ozone nanobubble, and control treatments (air-stone macrobubble). Experiments were done in triplicate in 100 L tanks with 15‰ saline water, and 20 shrimp per tank. Tanks in Experiment 1 were not inoculated with bacteria; tanks in Experiment 2 were inoculated with V. parahaemolyticus at a concentration of 10⁶ CFU/mL. The results revealed that short treatments with ozone nanobubbles had minimal impact on shrimp gills, mortality, and growth rates, reduced V. parahaemolyticus concentration in water compared to the other groups, and improve water quality. These laboratory results indicate that ozone nanobubble treatment may be useful for controlling V. parahaemolyticus. More work is needed to find the best protocol to apply the technology on a commercial scale.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.624-633
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• 2021

This study was conducted to determine the supplemental effects of two insect meals, mealworm (MW) and black soldier fly (BSF), with high or low lipid levels in diets, on Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Sardine and tuna by-product meals were used as the fish meal source in a control (Con) diet. The fish meals were replaced with MW, defatted MW (deMW), BSF or defatted BSF (deBSF), respectively. The shrimp (body weight: 0.47 g) were stocked into 20 acryl tanks (215 L) and fed the diets six times a day. After 45 days of the feeding trial, the shrimp that were fed insect meals had significantly higher phenoloxidase and superoxide dismutase activities than the shrimp fed Con diet. The gene expressions of prophenoloxidase, crustin and penaeidine-3c in shrimp hepatopancrease were also higher in shrimp that were fed the insect diets, regardless of defatting than those in shirmp that were fed Con diet. The survival against Vibrio parahaemolyticus was higher in shrimp that were fed the diets containing defatted insect meals than in shrimp that were fed Con diet. These results indicate that MW and BSF, regardless of lipid levels, could be good protein sources for the enhancement of innate immunity and anti-oxidant capacity of the shrimp.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.278-288
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• 2007

새우양식은 90년대 서해안을 중심으로 빠르게 발달하여 2001년에는 2,605ha의 면적에서 3,268톤이 생산되었으나 2004년에는 2,368톤으로 해마다 감소되고 있다. 이러한 원인 중의 하나는 흰반점바이러스(WSSV)에 의한 대량폐사에 기인하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 흰반점바이러스는 현재 세계적으로 새우양식산업에 심각한 피해를 입히는 바이러스로 우리나라에는 1993년 처음 보고된 후 해마다 새우양식장에 반복적인 대량폐사를 유발시킨다. 축제식 새우양식장의 질병 피해를 감소시키기 위한 방법의 하나로서 새우와 어류, 패류, 해조류를 함께 복합양식하는 방법이 많은 연구되어 있으며 또한 육식성 어류와의 복합양식은 질병새우를 선택적으로 포식함으로써 새우의 바이러스 발병을 지연 혹은 억제시키는 것으로 알려져 있다. 새우양식장에 육식성 어류인 황복 Takifugu obscurus을 복합적으로 사육함으로써 바이러스 억제 효과를 조사하기 위하여 수면적 $1,616{\sim}1,848\;m^2$의 4개 축제식 양식장에 각각 흰다리새우($46.9/m^2$), 흰다리새우($43.4/m^2$)+황복($0.22/m^2$), 대하($24.6/m^2$), 대하($30.3/m^2$)+황복($0.25/m^2$)의 밀도로 입식하고 95일간 사육하였다. 대하 단독구와 복합구는 각각 51일, 57일째 WSSV 발병으로 전량 폐사하였다. 흰다리새우 단독구의 생존율은 18.2%인 반면 복합구의 생존율은 32.4%이며 단위생산량은 단독구에 비해 69.2%가 높아 흰다리새우는 황복과 복합양식이 단독양식에 비해 훨씬 유리한 것으로 나타났다. 사육수의 영양염(TAN, $NO_2-N,\;NO_3-N$) 농도는 복합구가 단독구에 비해 2배 이상 높았으나 전체적으로 새우의 성장에 적정범위를 유지하였다. 대하는 흰다리새우에 비해 WSSV에 대한 감수성이 높은 것으로 나타났으며 따라서 대하와의 복합양식은 이러한 점이 충분히 고려되어야 할 것이다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.367-379
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• 2023

The rapid expansion of shrimp production requires a huge amount of protein sources from soybeans and wild-caught fishmeal; both are becoming a shortage. Meanwhile, catfish production and processing is a giant industry in Vietnam, which produce hundred thousand tonnes of protein- and lipid-rich by-products, annually. Using catfish by-products to gradually replace the traditional protein sources in shrimp aquaculture may bring triple benefits: 1) reducing pressure on wild fish exploitation for fishmeal, 2) reducing the environmental impacts of catfish by-products, and 3) increasing the value and sustainability of aquaculture production. In this study, we used catfish by-products to produce fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) and nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) as additives in feed for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The supplement mixture of FPH and HA was added into the commercial diet (Charoen Pokphand Group [CP], 38% protein, and 6.5% lipid) to reach 38%, 38.5%, 40%, 43%, and 44% of the crude protein content. The survival and growth of shrimps were weekly assessed to day 55. The results showed that the shrimp growth was highest at 43% crude protein content in the feed as indicated by an increase of 124% and 112% in shrimp weight and length, respectively, compared to the commercial reference diet. No negative effects of adding the mixture of FPH and HA on the water quality were observed. Vibrio density was lower than 6.5 × 10³ CFU/mL, which is the lowest Vibrio density negatively affecting the shrimp growth and development. These findings indicate that the mixture of FPH and HA are promising additive components in feed for post-larval shrimp L. vannamei diets.

• 환경생물
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.461-467
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• 2017

Shrimps infected with WSSV(White Spot Syndrome Virus) generally exhibit white spots in their inner space of carapaces as an acute clinical sign. In an effort to identify the correlation between this acute clinical sign and the condition, the index factors (RNA/DNA concentration and ratio, trypsin activity) were analyzed. A total 580 farmed Fenneropenaeus chinensis and 130 Lithopenaeus vannamei were collected from western and southern fifteen outdoor ponds in Korea. The status of the white spot pathology was divided into four stages (stage 0, stage I, stage II, and stage III), in accordance with the clinical signs as to the size and area of white spots. A significant decrease in RNA concentration and RNA/DNA ratio for multi-infected fleshy prawn (WSSV and vibrio sp.) occurred during the stage III (the whole carapace is covered with a white spot). In particular, RNA/DNA ratio was significantly lower as $1.47{\pm}0.04$ than other groups. A similar trend was also found in the single infection (WSSV), but the decrease was less than the multi-infection. In the species comparison, both species were vulnerable to the multi-infection, but L. vannamei was more sensitive than F. chinensis(ANOVA, p<0.05): A significant decrease in RNA concentration and RNA/DNA ratio was first found in stage II for the former species, while it was found in stage III for the latter species. Trypsin activity was also showed a similar tendency with nucleic acid variation. Multi-infected shrimp showed drastically decrease of trypsin activity. According to the results, clinical signs of the white spot under carapace have an only physiological effect on shrimp if they covered entirely with white spots.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2018

흰다리새우양식에 있어 저면에서 생성된 황화수소($H_2S$)를 Bacillus속 미생물을 이용하여 저감이 가능한지 아래 3가지 균주들의 조합에 대해 시험하였다. 시험에 사용한 3가지 Bacillus속 균주들을 A시험군(B. subtilis + B. licheniformis), B시험군(B. licheniformis +B. amyloliquefaciens) 및 C시험군(B. subtilis + B. licheniformis + B. amyloliquefaciens)으로 구성하였다. 3가지 조합으로 시험균을 배양 한 뒤, 인위적으로 황화수소(3 mg/L)를 폭로하여 용존황화수소를 측정하였다. 그 결과, 시험군C가 용존황화수소를 초기에 저감하는 것을 측정하였다. 또한 시험군C를 배양하여 분리한 균체의 양을 달리하여 황화수소용액에 가했을 때 황화수소 감소능은 첨가한 균체의 양에 비례하여 증가하였다. 그러나 이 조건에서 최대량의 균체를 가하였을 때에도 시험군A 및 B는 황화수소 감소능을 발휘하지 못하였다. 용존황화수소가 흰다리새우에게 미치는 독성을 평가하기 위해, 황화수소(1-8 mg/L)를 폭로(매 1회/1일, 7일간 반복)하여 생존율을 측정한 결과 8 mg/L에서 가장 높은 누적치사율(20%)을 유발하였다. 흰다리새우 사육수에 시험군C(1 g/L)를 48시간 배양한 후 황화수소 1 mg/L에 폭로시키면서 흰다리새우 생존율을 14일간 지속 관찰한 결과 대조군에서 82.5% 시험군C를 가한 시험군에서는 97.5% 수준의 생존율이 관찰되었다. 그러므로 새우양식에서 3종의 Bacillus속 시험군C는 유해한 용존황화수소의 발생을 줄이고 나아가 흰다리새우 생산량의 증대를 가져올 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.761-768
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• 2021

This study was carried out to identify an effective method to acclimate low-salinity (4 psu) bred Litopenaeus vannamei (mean body weight 16±3.3 g) to sea water. The fast acclimation group (FA) was directly exposed to filtered sea water (32 psu) while the slow acclimation group (SA) was exposed to a slow increase in salinity. Shrimps were sampled at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h for plasma analyses. The plasma components between experimental groups did not show significant differences. The hemolymph osmolality (HO) in FA increased significantly after 1 h (P<0.05), while in SA it started to increase slowly only at 24 h and reached a similar level to that of FA at 48 h. The levels of Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions were significantly different between the two treatments (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in Ca²⁺ ion levels. We found that the different methods of acclimation of L. vannamei to sea water do not affect the plasma components significantly, but lead to changes in the HO and ion levels, it is considerable to acclimate gradually for at least two days.