• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.64 no.1
• /
• pp.57-61
• /
• 2021

Saikosaponin derivatives such as saikosaponins A, B1, B2, B3, B4, C, and D present in Bupleurum falcatum were analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with an evaporative light scattering detector, using different extraction solvents (water and 70% ethanol). The samples were injected into a YMC Pack Pro C18 column and separated using a gradient elution system with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and water at a flow rate of 1.1 mL/min. The content of saikosaponin derivatives was higher in 70% ethanol extract than in water extract. This study provides an efficient analytical method for determining the optimal conditions for extraction of saikosaponin derivatives, which can be used as a basis for development of functional foods and pharmaceutical products from B. falcatum.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.202-209
• /
• 2000

The factors affecting chemical composition of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) during extraction process were temperatures and times. The optimum extraction conditions were measured in relation to the changes of chemical compositions from water extracts of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) under different extraction temperatures (50, 70, 9$0^{\circ}C$) and extraction times (1, 3, 5 minute). The change of color intensity during browning reaction, flavonoid components, contents of total phenols and hydrogen donating activity (reducing activity for $\alpha$, $\alpha$'-diphenyl-$\beta$ -picryhydrazyl) of water extracts form green tea increased as extraction temperatures increased from 50 to 9$0^{\circ}C$ and extraction times prolonged from 1 to 5 min. The contents of important free sugars such as sucrose and glucose slightly increased as the extraction time was prolonged, while little difference in the content of fructose with the prolonged extraction time. Catechins contents extracted from the commercial steamed green tea were increased at higher temperature and longer extraction time. Epigallocatechin (EGC) extracted from 9$0^{\circ}C$ (extraction time 5 min). presented 99.9 mg/g in highest composition of catechin followed by epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECg). The content of vitamin C extracted from green tea was increased about 2 times as the extraction temperature increased from 50 to 9$0^{\circ}C$ and as the extraction time increased from 1 to 5 min. with exception at 9$0^{\circ}C$(extraction time:5 min) which showed less vitamin C content than 7$0^{\circ}C$(extraction time : 3 min) probably due to possible destruction of vitamin C by high temperature.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.601-604
• /
• 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate technical methods for extraction of mucopolysachharide-protein containing chondroitin sulfate from keel cartilage of chickens. The chemical composition of chicken keel cartilage was determined. For the preparation of mucopolysaccharide-protein from lyophilized chicken keel cartilage, hot water extraction and alcalase hydrolysis methods were examined. Results showed that the optimum condition of hot water extraction was incubation for 120 min with a yield of 40.09% and chondroitin sulfate content of 28.46%. For alcalase hydrolysis, the most effective condition was 2% alcalase in 10 volumes of distilled water for 120 min. The yield of hydrolysate was 75.87%, and chondroitin sulfate content was 26.61%. For further separation of chondroitin sulfate from the alcalase hydrolysate, which has a higher yield than that of hot water, 60% ethanol precipitation was performed. The yield of the ethanol precipitate was 21.41% and its chondroitin sulfate content was 46.31%. The hot water extract, alcalase hydrolysate and ethanol precipitate showed similar electrophoretic migration with standard chondroitin sulfate (chondroitin sulfate A), using cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. These results indicated that a significant amount of mucopolysaccharide-protein containing chondroitin sulfate could be acquired form chicken keel cartilage. Therefore, keel cartilage in chicken may provide an inexpensive source of chondroitin sulfate for commercial purposes.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.175-180
• /
• 2018

Box-Behnken Design (BBD) under response surface methodology (RSM) was implemented to optimization the operating parameters and assess the removal and recovery efficiencies of crude oil from contaminated soil using subcritical water extraction. The effects of temperature, extraction time and water flow rate were explored, and the results indicate that temperature has a great impact on crude oil removal and recovery. The correlation coefficients for oil removal ($R^2=0.74$) and recovery ($R^2=0.98$) suggest that the proposed quadratic model is useful. When setting the target removal and recovery (>99%), BBD-RSM determined the optimum condition to be a temperature of $250^{\circ}C$, extraction time of 120 min, and water flow rate of 1 mL/min. An experiment was carried out to confirm the results, with removal and recovery efficiencies of 99.69% and 87.33%, respectively. This result indicates that BBD is a suitable method to optimize the process variables for crude oil removal and recovery from contaminated soil.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.520-527
• /
• 2016

Phycocyanin (PC) is one of the water-soluble accessory pigments of cyanobacteria species, and its concentration is used to estimate the presence and relative abundance of cyanobacteria. In laboratory experiments, PC content of field data were determined using Sarada's freeze-thaw method in algal bloom season. The effectiveness of three selected extraction methods (repeated freeze-thaw method, homogenization, power control) for PC were determined. The extraction efficiency of phycocyanin was the highest (of the methods compared) when a single freezing-thawing cycle was followed by pre-sonication. Applying this optimized method to surface water of Korean inland waters, the average concentration distribution was estimated at $2.9{\sim}51.9mg/m^3$. It has been shown that the optimized pre-sonication method is suitable to measure cyanobacteria PC content for the characterization of inland waters. The approach and results of this study indicates the potential of effective methods for remote monitoring and management of water quality in turbid inland waters using hyperspectral remote sensing.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.543-547
• /
• 2001

The hot water extraction(HWE) has many problems such as a low extract yield and a reduced flagrance by excessive heating during concentration process notwithstanding it has been the general method to get the extract from the traditional chinese medicines Astragalas manbranaceus Bunge and Angelica gigas Nakai. For that reason, adopted the alcohol extraction In this research and got the good results of the 65% and 75% extract yield of Astragalas manbranaceus Bunge and Angelica gigas Nakai respectively, 15% and 36% increased compare with 50% and 39% (w/w) of HWE. The differences of extraction process between the HWE and alcohol extraction is substituting alcohol for water of extraction were concentrated at the relatively low temperature 90$\^{C}$ compare with the thermal extraction temperature 104$\^{C}$ . This alcohol extract, has the outstanding effect collecting the original fragrance at the low temperature. Applying this extract to starch syrup and beverage, expected that those contain a sufficient flavor as well as fragrance without artificial spices.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.565-570
• /
• 2018

In this study, the antioxidant was extracted from Broussonetia kazinokii using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and optimized by using a response surface methodology. The response value of the central composite design model establishes the extraction yield and the DPPH radical scavenging activity. The extraction time and temperature and volume ratio of ethanol/ultrapure water were selected as quantitative factors. When considering both the main and interaction effects, the factor having the greatest influence on the extraction yield and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was the volume ratio of ethanol/ultrapure water. The results of optimal extraction conditions were the extraction time (19.92 min), volume ratio of ethanol/ultrapure water (54.23%), and ultrasonic irradiation power (557.65 W). We could also obtained expected results of the yield = 38.93 wt% and DPPH radical scavenging activity = 55.33% under these conditions.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.11 no.5
• /
• pp.321-331
• /
• 1998

The separation and sample extraction methods of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water samples were investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and some extraction methods involved liquid-liquid extraction, disk extraction and solid-phase extraction methods. The separation of 19 PAHs was possible by partial variation of oven temperature of GC/MS in temperature range $80{\sim}310^{\circ}C$. Extraction procedures of PAHs in water samples were somewhat modified and compared as extraction recoveries and the simplicity of methods. Extraction recoveries of PAHs were 71.3~109.5% by liquid-liquid extraction method. By using disk extraction, good extraction recoveries (80.7~94.9%) were obtained in case of $C_{18}$ disk extraction method by filtration. And extraction recoveries of PAHs by $C_{18}$ solid-phase were in the range of 51.8~77.9%. Method detection limits (S/N=5) of 19 PAHs were in the range of 0.25~6.25 ppb by liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction and 0.05~1.25 ppb by disk extraction methods.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.685-690
• /
• 2010

Rubiadin, a major compound of noni ($Morinda$ $citrifolia$) adventitious root, is highly valued in pharmaceutical industry due to hepatoprotective activity. To dissect rubiadin's effective extraction condition, extraction process of noni adventitious roots was performed with different solvent types, ratio of water to methanol (water, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of methanol), extraction time, and extraction method. In contrast, we also developed a reverse- phase HPLC assay method to determine rubiadin from noni adventitious roots. The HPLC assay of rubiadin was performed by C-18 column using a gradient solvent system of methanol and water with UV detector at 280 nm. The extraction efficiency of different types of solvents were increased in order of methanol (0.08%) > ethanol (0.05%) > acetonitrile (0.03%) > acetone (0.02%) and methylene chloride (0.02%). The results of rubiadin extraction using different solvents showed that 1 hour of ultrasonic extraction was effective in order of 60% methanol (0.21%) > 80% methanol (0.13%) > 100% methanol (0.07%), 40% methanol (0.07%) and 2 hours of reflux extraction was effective in order of 60% methanol (0.21%) > 40% methanol (0.17%) > 80% methanol (0.14%). To compare the extraction efficiency of rubiadin according to the extraction methods and time for high rubiadin content, the extracts of rubiadin in noni adventitious roots were isolated with the methods of ultrasonic extraction, shaking extraction and reflux extraction. Rubiadin extracted from the methods of ultrasonic waves and shaking displayed the highest contents at 8 and 24 hours, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.399-405
• /
• 2010

After Gomchui tea was prepared from leaves of Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz by blanching method, the antioxidant activity of major compounds in Gomchui tea was assessed. On-line HPLC-ABTS analysis revealed that caffeoylquinic acids (chlorogenic acids), such as 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,4-DCQA), 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA) and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4,5-DCQA), were the major antioxidant compounds in Gomchui tea. The extraction efficiency of these compounds were examined in the various conditions such as extraction temperature, time and solvent. The results demonstrated that the extraction amount with water increased in proportion to extraction time (1~10 min) and temperature ($8{\sim}80^{\circ}C$). These active compounds were also extracted with water even at $8^{\circ}C$ (60% of $80^{\circ}C$), indicating that water is very good extraction solvent for extraction of these antioxidant constituents. However, the extraction efficiency of these compounds decreased when ethanol percentage in water increased. The extraction efficiency between Gomchui powder (no blanching) and tea was significantly different, and 60% of total antioxidant compounds in tea was removed from fresh leaves into water in blanching process, especially 3,5-DCQA (over 90%). Meanwhile, the sonication method didn't affect the extraction of these compounds in all solvents. These results suggest that Gomchui tea can be a good candidate for the tea beneficial to human health.