• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2003

Fowl typhoid is a septicemic disease of turkeys and chickens. The antigen is Salmonella(S) gallinarum, which cross-reacts with S pullorum because of common antigen. The organism is maintained in the ovary of carrier birds and transmitted vertically in the york. It is also transmitted horizontally through feces and broken eggs. The symptoms are weakness, drowsiness, wing drooping, hyperexcitability, paresis and diarrhea. In the many cases, the birds are found dead in the morning before any symptoms have been noticed. this experiment was carried out to investigate the characteristics of S gallanarum and scrutinized about the control systems. 1. Fowl typhoid was came about in the winter than the other seasons. The average of mortality was 46.3%. And it was came about not only adult poultry but also chicks. 2. S gallinarum was isolated from liver and spleen in infected chickens. Total isolated strains were 60. 3. The organisms were all extinct at 60$^{\circ}C$, 30mins. 4. A survival rate was higher in underground water than a secondary distilled water. It was detected in underground water until 30 days. 5. When being exposed to the solar light, it became extinct almost within 24 hours. 6. It was survived in a refrigerator until 12 months. 7. It was extinct among 5 mins in 0.1% phenol and 2% formalin. 8. When the cultured organism fluid was inoculated in SD-rat abdominal cavity, rat died within 24 hours. 9. Pullorum-typhoid related program must disciplines in order to destroy the fowl typhoid, and breeding system must be converted to cage system.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.55-73
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• 2020

Poultry meat is generally exposed to quality deterioration due to lipid oxidation during storage. Oxidative stability of meat can be increased by feed supplementation. Aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of fish waste derived bioactive peptides on antioxidant potential of broiler breast meat and physico-chemical characteristics and quality parameters of nuggets prepared from breast meat. 180 broiler birds (six groups of 30 birds) were purchased. Each group was given different concentrations of bioactive peptides i.e. 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/kg feed. After completion of six weeks birds were slaughtered and breast meat was stored at -18℃ for six months. Nuggets were prepared and stored at -18℃ for 45 days. Meat samples were analyzed for antioxidant activity [total phenolic contents (TPC), DPPH^· scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power] and lipid oxidation assay at regular intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months while nuggets were analyzed for quality (pH, color, texture and water holding capacity) parameters after regular interval of 15 days. A significant (p<0.05) effect of feed supplementation was observed on antioxidant status such as TPC, DPPH^· scavenging activity, and FRAP of broiler breast meat. Dietary interventions of bioactive peptides significantly (p<0.05) delayed lipid oxidation of breast meat than control. All the quality parameters were also significantly affected due to dietary bioactive peptides and storage duration. Thus, dietary interventions of bioactive peptides can increase the antioxidant and shelf stability of broiler breast meat and nuggets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1506-1515
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• 2008

Two feeding trials were conducted to assess the relative bioavailability (RBV) of methionine hydroxy analogue calcium salt (MHA-Ca) in comparison to DL-methionine (DL-Met). Male Ross 308 (1-38 days) and Cobb 500 chickens (1-42 days) were used in studies 1 and 2, respectively. Experimental diets based on wheat and soybean meal or sorghum and soybean meal were fed during three phases. In both experiments graded levels of DL-Met and MHA-Ca were supplemented to Met+Cys deficient basal diets. Additionally, in experiment 1, increasing levels of a DL-Met preparation diluted with corn starch to 65% purity (DL-Met65) were supplemented. Birds were kept in floor pens and feed and water were available ad libitum. Body weights and feed consumption were recorded at the beginning and end of the experimental periods and weight gain and feed efficacy were computed subsequently. At the end of the experiments, a number of birds were slaughtered for carcass evaluation (dressing percentage, breast meat yield). Dose response data were analysed by both ANOVA and nonlinear common plateau asymptotic regression. In both experiments birds responded significantly to increasing levels of either methionine source. However, RBV of MHA-Ca compared to DL-Met was markedly (in many cases significantly) below 84%, the value which would have been expected from MHA-Ca's chemical characteristics. Excluding some extremely low RBV figures of trial 2, RBV of MHA-Ca averaged to about 63% in relation to DL-Met. In addition, supplementation of DL-Met65 allowed confirmation of nonlinear common plateau asymptotic regression to be suitable to determine RBV.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.1113-1125
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• 2020

Objective: This study was investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of Antrodia cinnamomea fermented product on modulation of antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and lipid metabolism in broilers. Methods: Functional compounds and in vitro antioxidant capacity were detected in wheat bran (WB) solid-state fermented by Antrodia cinnamomea for 16 days (FAC). In animal experiment, 400 d-old broiler chickens were allotted into 5 groups fed control diet, and control diet replaced with 5% WB, 10% WB, 5% FAC, and 10% FAC respectively. Growth performance, intestinal microflora, serum antioxidant enzymes and fatty acid profiles in pectoral superficial muscle were measured. Results: Pretreatment with hot water extracted fermented product significantly reduced chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells death induced by lipopolysaccharide and 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride. Birds received 5% and 10% FAC had higher weight gain than WB groups. Cecal coliform and lactic acid bacteria were diminished and increased respectively while diet replaced with FAC. For FAC supplemented groups, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased at 35 days only, with catalase elevated at 21 and 35 day. Regarding serum lipid parameters, 10% FAC replacement significantly reduced triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein level in chickens. For fatty acid composition in pectoral superficial muscle of 35-d-old chickens, 5% and 10% FAC inclusion had birds with significantly lower saturated fatty acids as compared with 10% WB group. Birds on the 5% FAC diet had a higher degree of unsaturation, followed by 10% FAC, control, 5% WB, and 10% WB. Conclusion: In conclusion, desirable intestinal microflora in chickens obtaining FAC may be attributed to the functional metabolites detected in final fermented product. Moreover, antioxidant effects observed in FAC were plausibly exerted in terms of improved antioxidant enzymes activities, increased unsaturated degree of fatty acids in chicken muscle and better weight gain in FAC inclusion groups, indicating that FAC possesses promising favorable mechanisms worthy to be developed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.580-587
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• 2010

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary water-soluble carbohydrate extract from Renga renga lily (Arthropodium cirratum) and a commercial product, $Frutafit^{{\circledR}}$ (both fructans) on the performance, organ weights, ileal digestibility and gut morphology of male Cobb broiler chickens. There were six treatment groups: a negative control with no supplements, a positive control supplemented with 45 ppm Zn-bacitracin, and four test diets each supplemented with Renga renga lily extract or Frutafit at 5 or 10 g/kg diet. Supplementation with low levels of Renga renga lily extract and Frutafit in the diet did not affect productive parameters, whereas the inclusion of a high level of Frutafit had a negative effect on BWG and FI compared with birds fed the negative control diet. The addition of an antibiotic to the diet significantly improved (p<0.05) the BWG and FCR of broilers. Apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter, starch, protein and fat was not affected (p>0.05) by supplementation with both levels of lily extract and the low level of Frutafit. The apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter, protein and fat was decreased (p<0.05) by the high level of Frutafit. The apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of the diets fed the high level of Frutafit was approximately 0.2 MJ/kg DM lower than that of the negative control group. The addition of Zn-bacitracin increased (p<0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility of fat. The relative weight of the liver was higher (p<0.05) in broilers supplemented with the high level of Frutafit than for negative control birds at 14 and 35 d of age. Feeding Renga renga lily extract or Frutafit had no effect on the gut morphology of birds on d 14 and 35. It can be concluded that dietary inclusion of fructans from the two sources used in this study affected broiler performance differently and in a dose-dependent manner.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2009

본 연구는 경기도의 경안천 습지에서 번식 조류의 둥지 장소로서의 정수식물에 대한 선호성을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 6종의 조류가 정수식물에 번식하였으며 물닭 Fulica atra, 쇠물닭 Gallinula chloropus, 개개비 Acrocephalus orientalis, 덤불해오라기 Ixobrychus eurhythmus, 논병아리 Podiceps ruficollis, 뿔논병아리 Podiceps cristatus 등의 둥지가 발견되었다. 둥지 장소로 이용한 곳은 애기부들 Typha angustata, 갈대 Phragmites communis 와 줄플 Zizania latitolia 이었다. 특히 애기부들은 번식조류가 가장 선호하는 곳이었다. 그에 비해 쓰레기가 쌓인 곳이나 밀도가 빽빽한 곳은 둥지가 거의 없었다. 내부의 덤불에서는 둥지가 전혀 발견 되지 않았다. 소택지 내 둥지의 평균 밀도는 3.1개였으며 논섬이 17개/ha 로 밀도가 가장 높았다. 둥지 밀도는 소내섬 주변 지역이 광동교 인근보다 높았다. 이것은 애기부들의 규모와 수질과 관련될 것으로 보인다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.1062-1068
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• 2019

Objective: For many generations, most species of farm animals have been subjected to intense and strictly targeted selection for improvement of their performance traits. This has led to substantial changes in animal anatomy and physiology, which resulted in considerable differences between the current animal breeds and their wild ancestors. The aim of the study was to determine whether there is breed-specific variability in behaviour as well as differences in emotional reactivity and preferences of laying hens. Methods: The investigations involved 50 Green-legged Partridge, 50 Polbar, and 50 Leghorn hens. All birds were kept in the same conditions, and the behavioural tests were carried out at 30 weeks of age. We used the tonic immobility test and a modified open-field test including such objects as water, commercial feed, feed enriched with cereal grains, finely cut straw, and insect larvae, a sandpit, a mirror, and a shelter imitating a hen nest. Results: The research results demonstrate that the birds of the analysed breeds differ not only in the excitability and emotional reactivity but, importantly, also in the preferences for environment-enriching elements. Ensuring hens' well-being should therefore be based on environmental modifications that will facilitate acquisition of essential elements of chickens' behaviour. The greatest emotional reactivity was found in the Leghorn breed, which may be a result of correlated selection aimed at an increase in chicken productivity. Conclusion: The differences in the behaviour of the birds from the analysed breeds indicate that laying hens cannot be regarded as one group of animals with the same environmental requirements.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.577-586
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing quercetin extracted from Sophora japonica flower (QS) to the diet of broiler chicks on their growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, cecal microbiota, serum lipid profiles, relative organ weight, and breast muscle quality. Methods: A total of 1,088 1-day-old broiler chicks (mixed sex) were randomly assigned to four groups based on the initial body weight (43.00±0.29 g). The experimental period was 35 days (starter, days 0 to 7; grower, days 7 to 21; finisher, days 21 to 35). There were 17 replicate cages per treatment and 16 birds per cage. Dietary treatments consisted of birds receiving basal diet without quercetin as the control group and treatment groups consisted of birds fed basal diet supplemented with 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 g/kg QS. Results: With the increase of the QS dosage, body weight gain during days 0 to 7 (p = 0.021), 7 to 21 (p = 0.010), and 1 to 35 (p = 0.045), feed intake during days 0 to 7 (p = 0.037) and 1 to 35 (p = 0.025), apparent dry matter digestibility (p = 0.008), apparent energy retention (p = 0.004), cecal lactic acid bacteria counts (p = 0.023), the relative weight of breast muscle (p = 0.014), pH value from breast muscle (p<0.001), and the water holding capacity of breast muscle (p = 0.012) increased linearly, whereas the drip loss from breast muscle (p = 0.001) decreased linearly. Conclusion: The addition of QS in the diet of broiler chicks had positive effects on the breast muscle yield and breast muscle quality, and improved the dry matter digestibility and energy retention by increasing cecal beneficial bacteria counts, thus improving growth performance.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제80권2호
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• pp.162-176
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• 1991

산림조류(山林鳥類)의 유치증식(誘致增殖)에 기여(寄與)할 목적(目的)으로 1986년(年) 11월(月)부터 1989년(年) 12월(月)까지 지리산(智異山)에 표고별(標高別)로 인공(人工)새집을 가설(架設)하여 이를 이용(利用)하는 조류상(鳥類相)과 번식생태(繁殖生態)를 조사(調査)하였던 바 그 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 지리산(智異山)에서 관찰(觀察)된 조류(鳥類)는 총(總) 59종(種) 2,403개체(個體)로서 특(特)히 표고(標高) 1,400m 지역(地域)에서 희귀조류(稀貴鳥類)인 바위종다리 13개체(個體)와 천연기념물(天然紀念物)인 황조롱이, 솔부엉이, 올빼미 등(等)이 관찰(觀察)되었다. 2. 표고별(標高別) 조류(鳥類)의 서식구조(棲息構造)는 되새의 우점도(優占度)(41.33%)가 가장 높았으며 종다양도(種多樣度)는 표고(標高)가 증가(增加)함에 따라 낮아지는 경향(傾向)이었고 유사도지수(類似度指數)는 표고(標高)가 높은 지역간(地域間)에 유사성(類似性)이 있었다. 3. 주요수렵조류(主要狩獵鳥類)인 꿩과 멧비둘기가 표고(標高) 900m지역(地域)에까지 나타나서 특(特)히 수직적(垂直的) 서식한계(棲息限界)가 높았다. 4. 인공(人工)새집을 이용(利用)하는 조류(鳥類)는 소형조류(小型鳥類)인 박새, 진박새, 쇠박새, 곤줄박이, 동고비 등(等)으로서 특(特)히 산림(山林)이 울창한 지역(地域)보다 물과 먹이가 풍부(豐富)한 임연(林緣)이나 등산로변(登山路邊) 등(等)에 가설(架設)한 인공(人工) 새집을 많이 이용(利用)(92.5%)하였다. 5. 표고별(標高別) 이용율(利用率)은 500m지역(地域)은 86%, 900m지역(地域)은 96%, 1,400m지역(地域)은 98%, 1,700m지역(地域)은 90%였다. 6. 표고별(標高別) 번식률(繁殖率)은 6%~46%로서 지역간(地域間)의 차이(差異)가 많았으며 가장 많이 번식(繁殖)한 조류(鳥類)는 곤줄박이였는데 이의 산란기간(產卵期間)은 표고(標高) 500m지역(地域)에서는 4월(月) 15일(日)부터 5월(月) 22일(日)(n=22)까지였고 표고(標高) 1,700m지역(地域)에서는 13일(日)이 늦은 4월(月) 28일(日)부터 5월(月) 27일(日)(n=13)까지였다. 7. 4개지역(個地域)의 인공(人工)새집에서 번식(繁殖)한 곤줄박이와 동고비 등(等) 5종(種)의 유조(幼鳥)의 식이물(食餌物)은 거미류(類)(8.7%)를 제외(除外)한 참나무재주나방과 명나방 등(等)의 해충류(害蟲類)(91.3%)였다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.149-156
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• 1989

규산 광물질의 일종인 zeolite의 첨가수준이 육계의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하며 1, 2차에 걸친 사양시험을 실시하였다. 본 시험에 사용한 zeolite는 한국산 이며, 1, 2차 공히 broiler숫병아리(Abor Acres종)를 각각 60수와 216수를 공시하였다. 시험 1에서는 대조구와 대조구에 zeolite를 2%첨가한 구의 2처리로 하였으며 전, 후기 구분 없이 단일사료를 급여하였고 시험 2에서는 대조구($T_1$ )와 대조구와 동숙종 동단백질수준이 되게 zeolite를 2%사용한 구($T_2$)그리고 대조구에 zeolite 2%를 단순첨가한 구($T_3$)의 3처리로 하였다. 대조구($T_1$ )와 zeolite 2%사용구($T_2$)의 배합표는 각각 least-cost formulation으로 작성되었으며 전기사료(0~4 주)와 후기사료(5~7)를 각각 급여하였다. 시험 1의 결과에 의하면 4주령에는 대조구에 비해 zeolite 2% 첨가구가 증체량이 유의하게(P＜0.05) 낮았으나 5,6주에는 증체량이 높아졌고, 총증체량과 총사료섭취량은 zeolite 2%첨가구가 높았으나 처리간에 유의차는 없었고 사료효율은 같았다. 시험 2의 결과에 의하면 전기, 후기 및 전기간중의 증체량, 사료섭취량, 사료효율 및 폐사율에 있어서 통계적인 유의차는 없었으나 $T_3$구의 증체량 및 사료섭취양이 높은 경향을 나타내었고 zeolite처리구($T_2$, $T_3$)가 대조구에 비해 사료효율이 떨어지는 경향을 보였다. 계분의 수분함양은 zeolite 처리구가 대조구에 비해 유의하게(P＜0.01) 낮았으며, 하절기에 가까워질수록 유의하게 (P＜0.01) 증가하였다. 1kg증체당 사료원료비는 $T_1$ 348.34, $T_2$ 359.83, $T_3$ 346.85원으로 $T_3$가 가장 경제성이 높았다.