• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.418-425
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate extraction properties of crude saponin and ginsenosides, and their effects on sensory properties of emulsified pork sausage. Non-dried ginseng root was boiled in 0 (e.g., 100% distilled water), 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100% ethanol, and powdered by a freezing dry method. Weight of dried powder for the 0% ethanol extraction was 20% of initial non-dried ginseng weight, while $20{\sim}80%$ and 100% ethanol extractions resulted in approximately 15 and 10% of their initial weights, respectively. On the other hand, crude saponin content in the dried powder was linearly increased for a higher ethanol content where 100% ethanol extraction resulted in 123.52 mg/g. LC/MS analysis of crude saponin for quantifying ginsenosides showed that Rb1, Rb2 and Rc were significantly (p<0.05) higher levels for both 80 and 100% ethanol extractions. In the case of Rg1 ginsenoside, 60, 80 and 100% ethanol extractions resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher levels. Emulsified pork sausages containing 0, 1 or 2% ginseng extracts were smoked or non-smoked and their sensory characteristics and preference were evaluated. Smoking process significantly (p<0.05) decreased juiciness and tenderness, but the treatment significantly (p<0.05) improved flavor and consumer preference. It was particularly noticed that a 2% addition of ginseng extract prevented the adverse effects of smoking process on juiciness and tenderness while the 2% addition significantly (p<0.05) improved consumer preference. The current results implied that addition of ginseng extract in emulsified pork sausage could improve sensory quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.1071-1080
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• 2017

This study examined the adhesiveness of beneficial intestinal bacteria to whole-grains using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM), to demonstrate the prebiotic effects of whole-grains, and to develop prebiotic puffed snacks with these whole-grains. CLSM has been used to observe the adhesiveness of Lactobacillus acidophilus, which belongs to beneficial intestinal bacteria, to whole-grain powders using optical sectioning techniques. The enhanced effects on the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria with the hot water grain extract were verified using an indirect count method. Finally, a puffed snack was produced with the prebiotic effect and the quality was evaluated by checking the chromaticity and degree of hardness. As a result, L. acidophilus exhibited adhesive ability to whole-grain powders and growth of selected beneficial intestinal bacteria were improved significantly. The Hunter L value of the developed puffed snack increased when seasoning was added. The hardness of the puffed snack with seasoning was higher than that of the control. The results of a sensory evaluation showed that the puffed snack with seasoning was highly rated in the overall preference compared to the control.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.769-782
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• 2002

Three kinds of green forages(rye, oats and mixed forages) was harvested and mixed with rice straw, wheat bran and 2 grains(corn and soybean), which harvested 2 different dates(common harvesting dates, 7 days early to common harvesting dates). And each mixture was ensiled in 6 poly vinyl chlorides that was 60 liter, immediately. They were opened at 0, 5, 10, 25, 35, 60 and 100 days after ensiling for chemical analysis. And its effects of those TMFFs on feed values were observed. Average contents of water, crude protein, ADF, NDF, Ca and P of formulated TMFs were 72 to 75%, 14.75 to 18.24, 12.47 to 19.07, 39.82 to 47.01, 0.99 to 1.07 and 0.38 to respectively. Crude protein content was the highest in the mixed forages-TMFF and the lowest in the rye-TMFF. The ADF and NDF contents of rye-TMFF were higher than orthers. And CP, ADF, NDF, TDN, P and Ca contents were no significant difference among treatments regardless of storage period and harvest time, but all treatments indicated good quality. Intenal temperatures of TMFF were shown to be 1 to 5$^{\circ}C$ higher than ambient temperatures. The temperature of the Oat-TMFF formulated during winter sustained higher to the level of 6${\sim}$9$^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. The pH of TMFF were 4.0 to 4.2 and the content of $NH_3$-N was shown to be 7.79 to 8.23mg/$d{\ell}$. In the VFA contents, any tendency was not shown at all treatments depending on harvest time. Even though rye-TMFF showed the lowest VFA value. At all treatments except rye-TMFF, propionate production was increased and stable after 25 days of storage. Digestibility of rice straw from TMFF on DM basis was 15${\sim}$20% higher compared with non-treated rice straw.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.128-136
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• 2003

This study was peformed to evaluate physico-chemical and textural properties, and shelf-life effect of low-fat functional sausages(LFFS) manufactured with sodium lactate(SL), lac color and various molecular weights of chitosans(low=1.5 kDa, medium=30∼40 kDa and high=200 kDa) during storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks. LFFS had a pH range of 6.39∼6.50, 76∼78% moisture, <2% fat, 14∼15% protein. The combination of SL and low molecular weight(MW) of chitosan improved water holding capacity(WHC), however those of SL and medium MW of chitosan reduced WHC. Vacuum purge(VP) reduced with increased MW of chitosans during refrigerated storage. The addition of chitosans reduced the lightness and yellowness, but increased the redness values, which was comparable to the sodium nitrite concentration between 75 and 150 ppm. LFFS containing SL and medium MW of chitosan increased most texture profile analysis(TPA) values, as compared to controls with 75 and 150 ppm. The addition of SL in LFFS retarded the microbial growth for Listeria monocytogenes, however no synergistic effect with the addition of chitosans were observed. E coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium reduced during refrigerated storage, regardless of SL and chitosan treatments. Increased storage time increased values for VP, yellowness and textural properties. These results indicated that the combination of SL and various MW of chitosans affected the functional and textural properties, and inhibited the microbial growth for LM effectively. In addition, 0.5% lac color as a replacer for sodium nitrite improved the color development, resulting in similar hunter color values, which was comparable to the sodium nitrite concentration between 75 and 150 ppm.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.4 s.118
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• pp.498-507
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• 2006

The main objective of present study was to evaluate how seasonal rainfall influenced natural habitat conditions of 10 metric habitat variables along with ionic conditions and suspended solids in the Woopo Wetland during August 2002-July 2003. Largest spatial variabilities in total suspended solids (TSS) occurred during the summer monsoon and the inorganic suspended solids (ISS), expressed as a inorganic proportion of total solids, showed linearly increasing trend from the upstream to downstream. This phenomenon was mainly attributed to counter flow of turbid water from the main Nakdong-River. During the flooding, ISS : TSS ratio showed large increases (92%) in the downstream than the upstream (43%). For this reason, transparency declined (mean=0.13 m, range=0.08-0.21 m) largely in the downstream reach and thus, chlorophyll-a concentration showed low values (range: $4.2-8.6\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$), indicating a direct influence on primary productivity or algal growth by inorganic turbidity. In the 2nd survey, ISS averaged 4.0 mg $L^{-1}$ (3.3-4.8 mg $L^{-1}$), thus the ISS decreased by 14 fold, compared to the ISS in the 1st survey during the flooding, while organic suspended solids (OSS) values were greater than those of ISS, indicating a dominance of organic solids. This condition was similar to solid contents in the 3rd survey, but showed a large difference compared to the 4th survey during the growing season. Habitat health assessments, based on 10 metric habitat variables, showed that QHEI values were greatest in the growing season (May) than any other seasons and largest spatial variations occurred in the 2nd survey. Overall, dataset suggest that seasonal episodic flooding during the monsoon may largely contribute nutrient cycling and sediment contents in the Woopo Wetland and Topyung Stream.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.426-434
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• 2011

In order to increase the use of rice, ginseng Garaedduks and Topokki were made and the physicochemical and sensory properties were investigated. Topokki and Garaedduks were added with 0, 1, 3 and 5% ginseng powder and stored at $20^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours. The moisture contents were not different to the increasing amount of ginseng powder and increasing storage time for 48 hours. The moisture content of Garaedduks for control and 5% added ginseng powder were 48.08% and 49.62%, respectively. The L value in color of uncooked ginseng Garaedduk decreased according to the added amount of ginseng powder, and the b value in color increased significantly according to the added amount of ginseng powder and during 48 hours storage at $20^{\circ}C$. Textural analysis, measured using a texture analyzer, of Garaedduk revealed that hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness decreased significantly and adhesiveness increased according to the added amount of ginseng powder. In sensory evaluation, 5% ginseng Garaedduk (uncooked, cooked) scored higher in overall acceptability than those of the other samples. In cooking properties, water absorption and solid contents increased according to the added amount of ginseng powder. Therefore, Garaedduk containing 5% ginseng powder was the most preferable. These results implied that the degree of retrogradation of ginseng Garaedduk might be low due to its high dietary fiber content.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.202-209
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• 2004

Flat panel based digital radiography (DR) systems have recently become useful and important in the field of diagnostic radiology. For DRs with amorphous silicon photosensors, CsI(TI) is normally used as the scintillator, which produces visible light corresponding to the absorbed radiation energy. The visible light photons are converted into electric signal in the amorphous silicon photodiodes which constitute a two dimensional array. In order to produce good quality images, detailed behaviors of DR detectors to radiation must be studied. The relationship between air exposure and the DR outputs has been investigated in many studies. But this relationship was investigated under the condition of the fixed tube voltage. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the DR outputs and X-ray in terms of the absorbed energy in the detector rather than the air exposure using SPEC-l8, an X-ray energy spectrum model. Measured exposure was compared with calculated exposure for obtaining the inherent filtration that is a important input variable of SPEC-l8. The absorbed energy in the detector was calculated using algorithm of calculating the absorbed energy in the material and pixel values of real images under various conditions was obtained. The characteristic curve was obtained using the relationship of two parameter and the results were verified using phantoms made of water and aluminum. The pixel values of the phantom image were estimated and compared with the characteristic curve under various conditions. It was found that the relationship between the DR outputs and the absorbed energy in the detector was almost linear. In a experiment using the phantoms, the estimated pixel values agreed with the characteristic curve, although the effect of scattered photons introduced some errors. However, effect of a scattered X-ray must be studied because it was not included in the calculation algorithm. The result of this study can provide useful information about a pre-processing of digital radiography.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.45-60
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• 2017

This study aims to elucidate the key improvements through the current state of customer support for smart home services based on the Internet of things and the evaluation of user's usage. Smart home services typically provide a wide range of value in terms of security, safety, manageability (electricity and water use), convenience, and remote management accessibility. In this study, we analyzed the current state of smart home service based on Internet of Samsung, SKT and LG U + companies in Korea. However, since LG U+ is the only company providing user reviews, there is a limit to generalization, but we are trying to figure out whether the customer value is conveyed properly or not, and in which part the customer support is focused to support the service. As a result of analyzing the results of the study, we found that the smart home service is commercialized and marketed in various forms. However, it is questionable whether the technological level and user satisfaction level are sufficiently satisfied. The results of this study are as follows. First, although each company provides usage guidance, they still ask many questions about joining products and using products. Second, there are many defects in the product itself, and it is found that the companies are not satisfied with the overall response. Third, the three companies are focusing on switches, outlets, sensors, and lamps. This is an individual intelligent product rather than an interlocking or linking level, and it can be seen that there are many parts that are not compatible with the concept of the original Internet of things. In conclusion, this study shows that there are still many areas to improve on the level of customer service provision of smart home service, in particular, the ease of use is low and the quality of products is not reliable. We would like to present the improvement of this in detail through this study and reflect the companies that provide it and the service providers.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.60-71
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• 2014

This study was conducted to identify the potential of rape stalk as a raw material for biorefinery process of rape flower. At first, rape stalk (RS) was immersed in distilled water (DW), acetic acid (AA), oxalic acid (OA), sulfuric acid (SA) and sodium hydroxide (SH) solutions, and the content of reducing sugars liberated from immersed RS was analyzed. Glucose, xylose, arabinose and sucrose were detected varying with the immersion type. In particular, 1% AA-immersion of RS for 72 hr was the most effective conditions to liberate glucose from RS. Secondly, the RS residues were used for elementary analysis and fabrication of fuel pellets. In addition to the solution type, concentration of immersion solutions (0%, 1%, 2%) and immersion time (24, 72, 120 hr) were used as experimental factors. The contents of nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine reduced effectively through the immersion of RS in DW, AA and OA solutions. For properties of RS-based pellets, bulk density and higher heating value of RS-based pellets greatly increased with the immersion of RS, and the qualities were much higher than those of the A-grade pellet of the EN standards. Ash content decreased remarkably through the immersion of RS, and was satisfied with the A-grade pellet standard. Durability was negatively affected by the immersion of RS, and did not reached to B-grade of the EN standard. In conclusion, acid immersion of RS can be a pretreatment method for the production of fuel pellet and bioethanol, but use of the immersed RS for the production of high-quality pellets might be restricted due to low durability of immersed-RS pellets. Therefore, further studies, such as investigation of detailed immersion conditions, fabrication of mixed pellets with wooden materials and addition of binders, are needed to resolve the problems.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.223-240
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• 2021

This study was carried out to investigate the economic value of organic wheat production using gelatin·chitin microorganisms in Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju city. The soil condition of experiment field was clay loam Jisan series. The organically cultivated fields were sprayed gelatin and chitin degrading bacteria. The test was performed at conventionally cultivated field and organically cultivated field. Emergence of weed on organically cultivated field was significantly higher than conventionally cultivated field which sprayed herbicide before seeding. Weed emergence have a critical impact on grain yield. Occurrence of diseases and insect pests were higher than conventionally cultivated fields. In 2019, the amount of lodging in conventionally cultivated field were higher than conventionally cultivated field. In 2020, lodging and wet injury were occur in both field. Comparing yield element between organically and conventionally cultivated experimental area, grain yield in organically cultivated field was shown slightly higher amount than conventionally cultivated field. However in the actual yield of 2019, organically cultivated field shows 20% deceased yield because of overgrown weed. In 2020, weed emergence and yellow mosaic virus by wet injury cause 30% decease in the grain yield in organically cultivated field. Content of protein, carbohydrates, ash, water and fat in the grain were not different significance. In 2019, net incomes of conventionally cultivated wheat was 461,031 won/0.1 ha while organically cultivated wheat was 443,437 won/0.1 ha. In the rate of income, conventionally cultivated field was 83.0% as against organically cultivated field (73.3%). In 2020, net incomes of organically cultivated wheat was 437,812 won/0.1 ha while conventionally cultivated wheat was 418,281 won/0.1 ha. In the rate of income, conventionally cultivated field was 81.6% as against organically cultivated field (73.0%).