• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.77-97
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• 2018

The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) has been adjudicating on sports-related disputes since 1984. CAS can be regarded as world supreme court for sports settling down about 4200 cases including doping issues. Doping disputes are generally processed by CAS Appeals division and Anti-Doping Division. An appeal against the decision by sports-related bodies may be filed with CAS Appeals Division. Doping issues concerning Olympic games are on Anti-Doping Division, introduced from 2016 Olympic games and invested with complete authority by IOC. The Award of Maria Sharapova finds a player is responsible if found to have committed any Anti-Doping Rule Violation regardless of his/her intention or fault. It offers detailed jurisprudence on imposing such a specific period of ineligibility in view of the totality of the circumstances. The award of Xinyi Chen also confirms the Strict Liability Rule on anti-doping disputes. The player appealed there could be either accidental contamination of drinks, or doping laboratories' mistakes that affected the test results. But, all of them were rejected. Though dealing with doping disputes in a timely manner is important for seasonal sports events like Olympic games, it is necessary to prepare the acceptable and fair process for the players in the future.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.43-75
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• 2018

The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) was created to focus on the procedural complexity in the resolution of sports-related disputes, confidentiality, the matter of expenses, and the necessity of prompt settlement in the field of international sports. The CAS had originally launched as one of bodies of International Olympic Committee (IOC), but later it became properly operational as an independent organization to facilitate sports-related disputes when the International Council of Arbitration for Sport (ICAS), which came into force in accordance with the Paris Agreement in 1984 and has acted in place of IOC, took responsibility for the administration and financing of the CAS. The CAS is composed of four divisions, the Ordinary Arbitration Division and the Appeals Arbitration Division, the Ad hoc Division created later in 1996 and the CAS Anti-Doping Division (CAS ADD) established as from 2016 only to conduct proceedings and to issue decisions on an alleged anti-doping rule violation, and two (Sydney and New York) permanent decentralized offices. The head office of the CAS is Lausanne, Switzerland. Since CAS ADD was established, CAS Ad hoc Division has had jurisdiction over the appeal case against a decision pronounced by the IOC, an NOC, an international Federation or an Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. Although there are so many virtues of CAS as a resolution authority for sports-related disputes in terms of its organization, arbitration rules and procedures, it is also true that the CAS has not been showing the consistency. The CAS should overcome these issues through much more advanced system and its instant and fair decisions.

• 공업화학
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.482-487
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• 1993

반응성과 성형성이 우수한 졸-겔법을 이용하여 비선형 광학물질인MNA(2-Methyl-4-nitro-aniline), Carbazole 1(5-Nitro-9-hydroxyethyl Carbazole), Carbazole 2(5-Nitro-9-ethyl Carbazole) 그리고 DR1(Disperse Red 1)을 Silica matrix에 조합시킨 유-무기계 복합박막을 제조하였다. 이들 유-무기계 복합박막의 열적 안정도와 분해정도를 비교한 결과 -OH기를 갖는 Carbazole 1과 DR 1이 열분해에 대한 안정성이 우수하다는 것을 알았다. Carbazole 1의 편극화 처리로 UV 흡광도의 현저한 감소가 일어났고 상온에서 전기장을 제거하자 UV 흡광도의 느린 회복이 발견되었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.77-82
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• 1998

Aerenchyma development in rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots is quite important for adaptation to waterlogged or reduced soil conditions. Anatomical observations were carried out to clarify the development of schizogenous and lysigenous aerenchyma in elongating crown roots of rice. The crown roots of 3rd and 4th phytomer were taken from rice plants of the 8th leaf stage grown by hydroponic culture. The schizogenous intercellular spaces in the cortex of crown root tip were observed using a light microscope with semi ultra-thin sections and the lysigenous aerenchyma in mature tissue of crown root were observed using a cryo scanning electron microscope (cryo-SEM) with freezing fracture method. The schizogenous intercellular spaces in the root tip exist obviously in the middle portion of cortical cell layers close to the root-root cap junction, but not in root cap, stele and outer cell layers of cortex. The air spaces were formed at the junction of four neighbouring cells of inner cortex in the transverse sections, and between longitudinal cell layer connected along the root axis. Although many of those spaces were filled with liquid, some spaces seem to exist as air spaces. The lysigenous aerenchyma in the cortex, which hardly filled with liquid, emerged at 3-4 cm segment from the root tip and increased toward the basal region of root axis. The developing process of lysigenous aerenchyma was primarily separation of a radial row of cells caused by the shrinking and collapsing of cortical cells and then formation of septa along the radial cell rows by the fusion of cell wall with each other. These results suggest that the schizogenous and lysigenous aerenchyma playa role as a passage for the movement of oxygen into the root tip region where oxygen is required for respiration.

• 천문학논총
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.351-353
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• 2017

To realize large-format compact array detectors covering a wide far-infrared wavelength range up to 200 µm, we have been developing Blocked-Impurity-Band (BIB) type Ge detectors with the room-temperature surface-activated wafer bonding technology provided by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. We fabricated various types of $p^+-i$ junction devices which possessed a BIB-type structure, and evaluated their spectral response curves using a Fourier transform spectrometer. From the Hall effect measurement, we also obtained the physical characteristics of the $p^+$ layers which constituted the $p^+-i$ junction devices. The overall result of our measurement shows that the $p^+-i$ junction devices have a promising applicability as a new far-infrared detector to cover a wavelength range of $100-200{\mu}m$.

• 천문학논총
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.257-261
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• 2017

We built a $8{\mu}m$ selected sample of galaxies in the NEP-AKARI field by defining 4 redshift bins with the four AKARI bands at 11, 15, 18 and 24 microns (0.15 < z < 0.49, 0.75 < z < 1.34, 1.34 < z < 1.7 and 1.7 < z < 2.05). Our sample contains 4079 sources, 599 are securely detected with Herschel/PACS. Also adding ultraviolet (UV) data from GALEX, we fit the spectral energy distributions using the physically motivated code CIGALE to extract the star formation rate, stellar mass, dust attenuation and the AGN contribution to the total infrared luminosity ($L_{IR}$). We discuss the impact of the adopted attenuation curve and that of the wavelength coverage to estimate these physical parameters. We focus on galaxies with a luminosity close the characteristic $L^*_{IR}$ in the different redshift bins to study the evolution with redshift of the dust attenuation in these galaxies.

• 천문학논총
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.317-319
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• 2017

We propose a cosmological survey to probe star formation and nuclear activity in galaxies at redshifts of z=2-4 by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) features using the SPICA mid-infrared instrument (SMI) with a spectral resolution of R=20. We will cover a wavelength range of $20-36{\mu}$ that corresponds to z=2-4 for the PAH features (11.3, 7.7, and $6.2{\mu}$). The sensitivity will be $1{\times}10^{-19}W/m^2(5{\sigma})$ in case of a reference survey that covers 4 arcmin2 field in a one-hour observation. It corresponds to $L_{IR}=2{\times}10^{11}L_{\odot}$ at z=3 and will give us more than 10000 galaxies in a 450 hour survey.

• 천문학논총
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.235-237
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• 2017

The AKARI NEP Deep Field Survey is an international multiwavelength survey over $0.4deg^2$ of the sky. This is the deepest survey made by the InfraRed Camera (IRC) of the infrared astronomical satellite AKARI with 9 filters continuously covering the $2-25{\mu}m$ range, including three filters in the Spitzer gap between the IRAC and MIPS coverages. This enabled us to make sensitive MIR detection of AGN candidates at z~ 1, based on hot dust emission in the AGN torus. It is also efficient in detecting highly obscured Compton-thick AGN population. In this article, we report the first results of X-ray observations on this field. The field was covered by 15 overlapping Chandra ACIS-I observations with a total exposure of ~300 ks, detecting ${\approx}450$ X-ray sources. We utilize rest-frame stacking analysis of the MIR AGN candidates that are not detected individually. Our preliminary analysis shows a marginal detection of the rest-frame stacked Fe $k{\alpha}$ line from our strong Compton-thick candidates.

• 천문학논총
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.213-217
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• 2017

The recent updates of the North Ecliptic Pole deep ($0.5deg^2$, NEP-Deep) multi-wavelength survey covering from X-ray to radio-wave is presented. The NEP-Deep provides us with several thousands of $15{\mu}m$ or $18{\mu}m$ selected galaxies, which is the largest sample ever made at these wavelengths. A continuous filter coverage in the mid-infrared wavelength (7, 9, 11, 15, 18, and 24 µm) is unique and vital to diagnose the contributions from starbursts and AGNs in the galaxies out to z=2. The new goal of the project is to resolve the nature of the cosmic star formation history at the violent epoch (e.g. z=1-2), and to find a clue to understand its decline from z=1 to present universe by utilizing the unique power of the multiwavelength survey. The progress in this context is briefly mentioned.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제40권8호
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• pp.715-719
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• 2003

The Aerosol Deposition (AD) process will be proposed as a new fabrication technology for the integrated RF modules. $\alpha$-A1$_2$O$_3$ thick films were successfully grown on glass and Al substrates at room temperature by the AD process. Relative dielectric permittivity and loss tangent of the $Al_2$O$_3$ thick films on Al showed 9.5 and 0.005, respectively. To form microstrip lines on aerosol-deposited A1903 thick films, copper electroplating and lithography processes were employed, and the square-type cross section with sharp edges could be obtained. Low-pass LC filters with 10 GHz cutoff frequency were simulated by an electromagnetic analysis, exhibiting the validity of the AD process as a fabrication technology f3r integrated RF modules.