• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.9-18
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• 2002

This study investigated the influential range of landmarks and the relationship between landmarks and cognition factor so as to offer basic data to be used for the effective use and the management of landmarks. In this study, eighteen famous landmark in Seoul were selected and analyzed. The result of this study can be summarized as follows : 1) First, eighteen determining elements of cognition factors were selected via documents survey. Second, general cognition factors of landmarks were analysed using these elements through questionnaires to specialists. As a result of factor analysis, historic cultural factor, scale factor, visual form factor, locational factor and uniqueness factor were revealed. 2) According to revealed cognition factor, eighteen landmarks are categorized into four types using MDS method via questionnaire to resident in Seoul city. These four types of landmarks are: type I that are recognized by historic cultural factor; type II that are recognized by scale factor; type III that are recognized by uniqueness factor; and type IV that are recognized by visual form factor. 3) As the result of regression, the influential range of landmarks were revealed at about a 10km radius(type I : 12km type II : whole area of Seoul city≒15km, typeIII : 8.7km, typeIV : 8.5km). 4) As a result of analysing the correlation between the influential range and the cognition factor through multiple linear regression analysis, the locational factor is the main factor affecting the influential range of landmarks in every type. The uniqueness factor comes next, which affects influential range partially. 5) Except type 1, as a result of analysing the correlation between influential range and the physical heights of landmarks, a quadratic equation is revealed, showing that the influential range of landmarks over 200 meters in height shows a radical change. Landmarks can be used as reinforcement tools of legibility, effective tools for landscape management and for the improvement of a community's image. This study on the influential range of landmarks and main cognition factor can be utilized as a landmark management plan and in urban planning, such as a new town plan.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.29-39
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• 2011

Recent interests in the quality of urban space have raised awareness on the role and importance of landscape planning. Although laws and guidelines are officially ready to be imposed as for landscape planning, we do not have concrete materials that can be utilized in the course of practices. The aim of this paper in this regard is to disclose the possible difference in awareness on 'visual landscape control elements' among experts engaged with urban space planning. The expert groups are distinguished to three which are for a planning, design and engineering and the survey is made by questionnaires. The results are analyzed through basic technology statistics in SPSS and independent-sample t-test provided. The survey is done by tens of 'control elements' and the result is that specially, group 1 and group 2 in mixed landscape has the most discrepancy in awareness on those elements but relatively, they has less discrepancy in awareness on compare with other groups through all landscape area. In case of artificial landscape and mixed landscape in 'landscape controled area', the result for comparing between G1 and G2 is that there are the most discrepancy in awareness which are 7 control elements. In case of mixed landscape in 'landscape promoted area', there are 4 control elements for discrepancy in awareness between G2 and G3 which is quite different. The control elements which show the most discrepancy in awareness is height, floor space and building to land ratio in order. The shape elements has only discrepancy in awareness for comparing between G1 and G2 of artificial landscape in 'landscape controled area'. In terms of the average evaluation score of the appropriateness of these control elements, G1 seems to appreciate the role of these elements in systematic landscape planning more than the other group does. In other words, relatively low scores are given by G2 as for the overall functionality of visual landscape control elements. The texture, floor space and building of land ratio has low evaluation score for all area and types. It means that it should reverify for appropriateness of performance for landscape planning as visual landscape control elements.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.9-18
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• 1999

In this study the relative effects among trees, cars, wires and building facades on visual preference are measured with the photo-montage scenes, which were synthesized by computer graphic programs. In addition to these experiments, the interaction of each elements of streetscapes have been investigated. The results of this study can be summarized as follows ; (1) It was found that trees had a remarkable positive effect on preference for streetscapes, wires had a moderate negative effect, cars had a trivial effect and the effects of building facades were medium. (2) It was investigated that the building of residential type was most preferred among commercial, residential, and office building types. The next preferred building facade was the commercial type. (3) The interaction of each element of streetscapes also have effects on preference. Especially, it was found that the combined effects of building-wire and building-cars were more notable than other combined effects of two elements.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1 s.108
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• pp.49-57
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to explain the relationship between the landscape organization and evaluating factors to harmonize the buildings with natural landscape using the landscape simulation models (near view less than $100{\cal}m$) controled the distance and obtain some knowledges about the introduction of buildings into the recreation forest. Through this study, the results were summarized as follow ;1) As the distance got to be near, the evaluation of comprehensive scenery and natural quality became low. 2) At the view points according to the distance the clear landscape organization showed a high value of scenery in comparison with the simple landscape organization, 3) As the coniferous forest showed more high value in comparison with the deciduous forest, the forest type surrounding cottage is important factor evaluating the landscape in the recreation forest area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.72-79
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• 2010

This research was initiated to investigate the revegetation characteristics under seedling types of native woody plants on a disturbed slope. 4 different seedling types of woody plants (control, unit seedling plot, nature seedling plot, pot seedling plot) with the same woody plants (Rhus chinensis Mill, Albizzia julibrissin Duraz., Quercus acutissima Carr., Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) were treated with 3 replications on the experimental disturbed slope. Data such as the died number of native woody plants, growth height and visual quality were analyzed. The died number of plants were high in unit seedling plot when compared to the rest plots of seedling types. From the standpoint of died plant species, the died number were high in Rhus chinensis and Albizzia julibrissin whereas the died number were low in Quercus acutissima and Pinus densiflora. That's because we used 1-year old seedlings of Rhus chinensis and Albizzia julibrissin and 3-year old seedling Quercus acutissima and Pinus densiflora. This result indicated that the died reason of native woody seedling was not species but seedling age. Both growth height and visual quality were ranked first in the pot seedling plot, second in the nature seedling plot, third in the unit seedling plot, and last in the control plot, respectively. However, the difference of both growth height and visual quality in each seedling plot was not observed on the 11 months after planting. Especially, the main reason of low rooting and growth value in the unit seedling plot was due to wooven fabric outer crust of pot that obstruct seedling rooting into the soil. We concluded that pot seedling of native woody plants was effective in the viewpoint of the ecological disturbed slope revegetation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.92-102
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• 2004

In this study, landscape changes were examined by periods through the analysis of visual quantity on the landscape components of national road including the mountains, the sky, road pavements, street trees, paddy fields and dry fields, billboard, telegraph pole, building, structure, slope, guard fence, soundproof wall, and median strip etc. For this, subject national road in suburb arreas was selected to grasp its landscape characteristics, and divisional criteria of landscape type of the national road were suggested to look into the trend of landscape changes by periods. Findings of this study are as follows：1.Divisional criteria of landscape type of the national road include location and geometry, structure, land use, perspective, and surrounding buildings of the national road. 2.The highest visual quantity was found in road pavements by periods among landscape components of the national road. It was found that this result has a thread of connection with previous study emphasizing the importance of road geometry as one of landscape components, and road geometry shall be regarded as a visually significant component in analyzing and evaluating landscape of the national road. 3.Most distinguished factors of landscape changes of the national road by periods were median strip(F＝33.296) and street tree(F＝32.881), and then the sky(F＝24.735) and mountain(F＝23.477) showed similar level of statistically significant difference. However, statistically significance difference was not found in buildings and structures. 4.It was shown that natural elements decreased gradually but structural landscape made of artificial elements became the main in construction of the national road. This result implies that although the scenic and ecological soundness is recognized in construction of the national road, it is not out of the limitation of functionalities that is, access and mobility.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.139-147
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• 2003

The main purpose of this study is to obtain forest scenic beauty management informations toward forest working systems in pinus densiflora forest stands, etc. To get these information, visual preference and spatial image analysis methods are used. 25 different alternatives were simulated to visualize on basis of actual forest working methods with taken photos from May to July, 2003. The options were illustrated as photos produced by computer software. Respondents' ratings for 25 landscape scenes were obtained by interview survey method. Each alternatives were evaluated by forest major student group with total 103 respondents after reliability test. Visual preference evaluation was used 10 point rating scale. Spatial images of 12 alternatives were measured by 12 semantic differential scale. In general, the respondents preferred refreshing and ordering forest stand after forest working to natural forest stand before forest working. High visual preference for forest density produces 400-600 trees/ha in small diameter class forest stands. Regarding visual preference according to pavement type of trail, soil trail is ranked high. Visual preference for cutting area ranks mature forest stand and visual preference for trail slope cover type ranks shrub with grass as relatively high on the preference scale. Through the factor analysis, spatial images of 12 coniferous forest stands are classified as 'ordered opened' and 'beautiful healthy'. Results indicate how to conduct forest working systems for forest scenic beauty management.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.13-26
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to select the study area, which will be formed into Daegu Science Park as an national industrial complex, and to assess the landscape value based on biotop classification with different polygon forms, and to develop and computerize Biotop Value Assessment Tool (B-VAT) based on GIS. The result is as follows. First, according to the result of biotop classification based on an advanced analysis on preliminary data, a field study, and a literature review, total 13 biotop groups such as forrest biotop groups and total 63 biotop types were classified. Second, based on the advanced research on landscape value assessment model of biotop, we development biotop value assessment tool by using visual basic programming language on the ArcGIS. The first application result with B-VAT showed that the first grade was classified into 19 types including riverside forest(BE), the second grade 12 types including artificial plantation(ED), and the third class, the fourth grade, and the fifth grade 12 types, 2 types, and 18 types respectively. Also, according to the second evaluation result with above results, we divided a total number of 31 areas and 34 areas, which had special meaning for landscape conservation(1a, 1b) and which had meaning for landscape conservation(2a, 2b, 2c). As such, biotop type classification and an landscape value evaluation, both of which were suggested from the result of the study, will help to scientifically understand a landscape value for a target land before undertaking reckless development. And it will serve to provide important preliminary data aimed to overcome damaged landscape due to developed and to manage a landscape planning in the future. In particular, we expect that B-VAT based on GIS will help overcome the limitations of applicability for of current value evaluation models, which are based on complicated algorithms, and will be a great contribution to an increase in convenience and popularity. In addition, this will save time and improve the accuracy for hand-counting. However, this study limited to aesthetic-visual part in biotop assessment. Therefore, it is certain that in the future research comprehensive assessment should be conducted with conservation and recreation view.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.349-362
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• 1998

Seascape means the scenery which is composed around the sea., Seascape has it's own characteristics compared with landscape and has many important roles in our urban life. Nowadays seascape is being destructed by the development in waterfront area and ocean space. Especially the various kind of buildings which are built in coastal area give great visual impact on seascape. But we have rare research on seascape and no guideline for seascape planning. Before any action against destroying seascape the assessment of seascape has to be preceded. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the representative seascapes which are selected from over 300 slides of various seascapes according to the types of seascapes. We used S.D (Semantic Differential) method with 35 adjective pairs in seven scale to evaluate each seascape. The results can be summarized as follows. 1) Seascapes can be classified as natural type and urban type. The natural type can be divided into beach type and rock-island type. 2) Natural type of seascape is more prefered than urban type. 3)Beach type is the most prefered among seascape types. 4) Natural elements of seascape such as sky, water, sand, trees, forest, mountain, open space, waterfront line, are evaluated as 'good' to see but artificial elements, such as buildings, persons, roads, structures, are evaluated 'bad' to see. 5)As a result of factor analysis five factors(axes) are found out. They are 'wildness', 'vividness', 'preference', 'interest', and 'openness'. These factors can be used for evaluting any seascape.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.76-84
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• 2010

Darangyi paddy in Namhae Gachon village provides natural beauty with its distinct location. Darangyi is a traditional Korean landscape, shaping a circular form to serve continuous cultivation. Despite the paddy's landscape, it is difficult to preserve its natural scenery due to many factors such as inadequate visual analysis. Under the belief that there is a necessity to preserve Darangyi paddy, the research in visual features of the paddy began to illustrate the relevance between its viewpoint and landscape objects. First, we researched typical view structures. When considering the visual features, Darangyi paddy landscape objects has a viewpoint from the horizontality to its below, which its center area is about $-5^{\circ}{\sim}-30^{\circ}$. From the analyzed data, the scenary of Darangyi paddy, which most people agree its decency, is formed in a visually decent location. The above type of measure of visual structure in Darangyi paddy is expected to be applied in maintenance of foothold of views in the future. Second, the surrounding elements play important parts to form the whole landscape of Gachon Darangyi paddy. Although Darangyi paddy is the principal part of the scenary, the landscape analysis showed a high relevance with the paddy's identity, forest around the paddy, sky, ocean, settlements, and the roads in terms of visual perception. It was affirmed that those elements around the paddy play important parts in structuring and providing the beauty of the whole landscape. Various viewy objects are seen obvious especially in a long distance, and the splendid scenary proved that those viewy objects are in indispensable location. In order to preserve the paddy, it seems necessary to consider the surrounding envrionment of Darangyi paddy, not just the paddy's sole landscape form. Third, Darangyi paddy has a distinct seasonal characteristics. According to the survey analysis, the full heading time in spring and time when people can take a picture against the sun light proved magnificence of Darangyi paddy. Thus, it would be ideal to maintain Darangyi paddy by securing the sunlight condition with decent landscape view and the views from its surrounding environments or researching the ways to principally maintain the surrounding environments.