• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.25.1-25.14
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• 2022

Background: The commercially available Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines were developed based on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates genetically divergent from field strains that can only prevent clinical disease, not shedding of virulent heterologous virus, highlighting the need to develop genotype-matched vaccines Objectives: This study examined the efficacy of the NDV genotype-matched vaccine, mIBS025 strain formulated in standard vaccine stabilizer, and in carboxymethyl sago starch-acid hydrogel (CMSS-AH) following vaccination via an eye drop (ED) and drinking water (DW). Methods: A challenge virus was prepared from a recent NDV isolated from ND vaccinated flock. Groups of specific-pathogen-free chickens were vaccinated with mIBS025 vaccine strain prepared in a standard vaccine stabilizer and CMSS-AH via ED and DW and then challenged with the UPM/NDV/IBS362/2016 strain. Results: Chickens vaccinated with CMSS-AH mIBS025 ED (group 2) developed the earliest and highest Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) NDV antibody titer (8log₂) followed by standard mIBS025 ED (group 3) (7log₂) both conferred complete protection and drastically reduced virus shedding. By contrast, chickens vaccinated with standard mIBS025 DW (group 5) and CMSS-AH mIBS025 DW (group 4) developed low HI NDV antibody titers of 4log₂ and 3log₂, respectively, which correspondingly conferred only 50% and 60% protection and continuously shed the virulent virus via the oropharyngeal and cloacal routes until the end of the study at 14 dpc. Conclusions: The efficacy of mIBS025 vaccines prepared in a standard vaccine stabilizer or CMSS-AH was affected by the vaccination routes. The groups vaccinated via ED had better protective immunity than those vaccinated via DW.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.137-141
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• 2018

The efficacy of the CA-2-MP120 vaccine, a cell culture-attenuated strain of virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), was assessed in pigs. Despite the persistence of viremia in all vaccinated animals during the immunization period, the virus was not detected in vaccinated pigs following challenge. Furthermore, no pigs in the vaccinated group shed PRRSV nasally, orally or rectally throughout the experiment. Moreover, histopathological lung and lymph node lesions in the immunized group were much milder than those in the unimmunized and challenged group. These results indicated that CA-2-MP120 can provide effective protection against virulent wild-type PRRSV-2.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.37-41
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• 1965

For the preparation of an effective fowl pox vaccine, comparative studies of a number of fowl and pigeon pox virus strains were accomplished, and the following conclusions were made. 1. Anyang-Nakano strain which was nation widely used as a seed virus of fowl pox vaccine was proven its inadequacy. 2. A liquid vaccine prepared with Minnesota strain of pigeon pox virus showed its stability for 6 months and on side reaction.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2004

Rotavirus virus-like particle (VLP) composed of VP2, VP6, and VP7 was expressed in the Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS). Sf9 cell, a host of the baculovirus, was cultured from a 0.5-1 spinner flask to the 50-1 bioreactor system. Sf9 cell was maintained at cell density between 3.0E＋05 and 3.0E＋06 cells/ml and grew up to 1.12E＋07 cells/ml in the bioreactor. Growth kinetics was compared under different culture systems and showed similar growth kinetics with 20.1-25.2 h of doubling time. Early exponentially growing cell culture was infected with three recombinant baculoviruses expressing VP2, VP6, and VP7 protein at 1.0, 2.0, and 0.2 moi, respectively. The expression of rotavirus proteins was confirmed by Western blot analysis and its three-layered virus-like structure was observed under an electron microscope. Rotavirus VLP was semipurified and immunized in ICR mice intramuscularly. Rotavirus-specific serum antibody was detected from 2 weeks after the immunization and lasted at least 21 weeks of the post-immunization, indicating its possible use as a vaccine candidate.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.193-201
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• 2011

An attenuated vaccine strain AVR1/08 of Korean respiratory type of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was developed by 89th passages of IBV D85/06 strain in chicken eggs. The AVR1/08 strain had higher virus titer at least 20 times ($10^{1.3}$) than the parent virus D85/06 by egg inoculation method. The AVR1/08 strain had a single point mutation (S to Y) at position 56 of spike protein of IBV compared to parent virus IBV D85/06 strain. The mutation was observed consistently at viruses after 47th passage in chicken eggs. The AVR1/08 strain showed no virulence even after 6 passages in chickens and all chickens inoculated induced anti-IBV antibody 14 days after vaccination. The AVR1/08 strain had broad protective efficacy against QX type Korean nephropathogenic virus (Q43/06 strain), KM91 type Korean nephropathogenic virus (KM91 strain) and Korean respiratory virus (D85/06 strain). In contrast, Massachusetts (Mass) type attenuated vaccine strain H120 showed protection of 37.5 to 50% against these three viruses. Our results indicate that the AVR1/08 strain has potential as an attenuated vaccine effective in controlling IBVs circulating in Korea.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1109-1115
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• 2020

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spreading globally, and the WHO has declared this outbreak a pandemic. Vaccines are an effective way to prevent the rapid spread of COVID-19. Furthermore, the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection needs to be understood for the development of an efficient and safe vaccine. Here, we review the current understanding of vaccine targets and the status of vaccine development for COVID-19. We also describe host immune responses to highly pathogenic human coronaviruses in terms of innate and adaptive immunities.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.28.1-28.14
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• 2021

Lung-resident memory T cells (T_RM) play an essential role in protecting against pulmonary virus infection. Parenteral administration of DNA vaccine is generally not sufficient to induce lung CD8 T_RM cells. This study investigates whether intramuscularly administered DNA vaccine expressing the nucleoprotein (NP) induces lung T_RM cells and protects against the influenza B virus. The results show that DNA vaccination poorly generates lung T_RM cells and massive secondary effector CD8 T cells entering the lungs after challenge infection do not offer sufficient protection. Nonetheless, intranasal administration of non-replicating adenovirus vector expressing no Ag following priming DNA vaccination deploys NP-specific CD8 T_RM cells in the lungs, which subsequently offers complete protection. This novel 'prime and deploy' strategy could be a promising regimen for a universal influenza vaccine targeting the conserved NP Ag.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.396-402
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• 2012

Vaccination is the main strategy for preventing influenza infection. However, vaccine efficacy is influenced by several factors, including age and health status. The efficacy of the influenza vaccine is much lower (17% to 53%) in individuals over 65 yr of age compared with young adults (70% to 90%). Therefore, increasing vaccine efficacy remains a challenge for the influenza vaccine field. In this study, we investigated the impact of supplementing vaccination with the dietary intake of Korean red ginseng (RG) extract and RG saponin. Mice were immunized two times intranasally with inactivated influenza A (H1N1) virus. Mice received RG extract or RG saponin orally for 14 d prior to the primary immunization. After the primary immunization, mice continued to receive RG extract or RG saponin until the secondary immunization. Mice vaccinated in combination with dietary intake of RG extract and RG saponin showed elevated serum anti-influenza A virus IgG titers and improved survival rates in lethal influenza A virus infection: 56% and 63% of mice receiving RG extract or RG saponin survived, respectively, while 38% of mice that only received the vaccine survived. Moreover, mice receiving RG extract supplementation recovered their body weight more quickly than those not receiving RG extract supplementation. We propose that the dietary intake of RG extract and RG saponin enhances the vaccine-induced immune response and aids in providing protection against influenza virus infection.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.313-314
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• 2003

Antiviral DNA vaccine carrying a gene for a major antigenic viral protein have received considerable attention as a new approach in vaccine development. For fish viruses effects of DNA vaccine encoding viral G gene of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus(IHNV) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV)have been demonst.ated previously(Lapatra et al., 2001) Hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV) causes hemorragic disease on flounder. (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.241-251
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• 2002

Modified-live (ML) infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) vaccines have been widely used as a preventive measure in Korea since the first outbreak of ITL. Recently, it has been observed that chickens vaccinated with the commercially available ML ILT vaccine have sometimes exhibited adverse clinical signs. In this study, we evaluated the quality of the vaccines by comparing titer of each vaccine batch and testing the stability of ILT virus (ILTV) in vaccine diluents and compared the safety and efficacy of vaccines in specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens. The ratio of maximum titer to minimum titer of vaccine produced by most manufacturers was 2 to 15. However, 2 out of 11 manufacturers produced vaccines of which the ratio was 74 to 478. Most vaccines examined were maintained vaccine titers suitable for national regulations within expiry date. However, some vaccines did not keep the titer required for the national regulations. In the test for stability of ILTV in various diluents, ILTV was highly stable in lactose-phosphate-glutamine-gelatin solution, sucrose-phophate-glutamine-albumin solution and some vaccine diluents produced by manufacturers. The safety of ML ILT vaccines was assessed in 10-day-old SPF chicks. Mortality in SPF chicks inoculated intratracheally with one dose of vaccine varied depending on vaccines and some vaccines produced 50-85% mortality. Seven-week-old SPF chickens were vaccinated intraocularly with ML ILT vaccines and then challenged intratracheally with ILT challenge virus 14 days after vaccination. The protection rate was assessed by clinical signs and reisolation of the ILT challenge virus from tracheas taken at day 4 after challenge. There were slight respiratory reactions in some vaccinated chickens after vaccination but these reactions disappeared within 5 days after vaccination. No further clinical signs and death were observed. Protection rate determined by clinical signs and mortality was 100% in all vaccinated groups. However, the challenge virus was isolated from all tracheas of chickens vaccinated with vaccine B or control groups. The challenge virus was also isolated in the trachea of one in five chickens vaccinated with either vaccine F or K, but not in tracheas of chickens vaccinated with other vaccines. In the present study, the stability of vaccine diluents, pathogenicity and protection rate based on reisolation test of the challenge virus were different depending on vaccines produced by eleven manufacturers.