• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.183-190
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• 2008

Background: The control of active pulmonary tuberculosis is still an issue in community medicine. But there are also considerable needs for supportive management of symptomatic patients with post-tuberculous destroyed lung. Few studies have evaluated clinical characteristics and health-related quality of life in patients with post-tuberculous destroyed lung. Methods: We evaluated lung function, exercise tolerance, HRCT and health-related quality of life measurements using the Korean version of St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) in 22 patients with parenchymal damage to more than a half of one lung due to pulmonary tuberculosis. Results: In the pulmonary function test, mixed defects and obstructive defects were observed in 10 (45.0%) and 9 (40.9%) of patients, respectively. In the cardiopulmonary exercise test, the mean $VO_2max%$ predicted ($39.0%{\pm}10.9%$) and $O_2$ pulse% predicted ($61.3%{\pm}13.6%$) were markedly decreased. In the SGRQ, the impact score (mean $27.8{\pm}18.5$) was significantly lower than the symptom score (mean $53.9{\pm}20.9$) or activity score (mean $50.8{\pm}27.3$) (p<0.05, p<0.01). Cronbach's alpha coefficient value for reliability was more than 0.7 for each subscale and total score. The total score showed a significant negative correlation with $FEV_1%$ predicted (r=-0.46, p<0.05) and $SaO_2$ (r=-0.60, p<0.05). On HRCT, a median of 9 (range 5~15) bronchopulmonary segments were destroyed by less than half, which significantly correlated with SGRQ total score (r=-0.52, p=0.02). Conclusion: The reliability and validity of the Korean version of the SGRQ was acceptable for the measurement of health-related quality of life in patients with post-tuberculous destroyed lung.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.209-214
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the re-osseointegration of the implants that had mechanical unscrewing possibly occurred or not. Furthermore, if it happened, the degree of re-osseointegration was evaluated by comparing with previous osseointegration. Materials and methods: The smooth implant (commercial pure titanium 99%) specimens, whose diameter and length was 3.75 mm, 4 mm, respectively were produced. Two implants were inserted into each tibia of 7 New Zealand female white rabbits weighing at least 3.0 kg. The torque removal force for each implant after 6 weeks of implants placement was measured and included in group I. The torque removal forces were assessed after the fixtures were re-screwed to original position and the subjects were allowed to have 4 more weeks for healing and included in group II. One rabbit was sacrificed after first measurement and produced 4 slide specimens in group I, and two rabbits were sacrificed after 2nd measurement, 7 slide specimens, in group II for histomorphologic investigations. All slide specimens were assessed based on the proportion of BIC (bone-implant contact) as well as CBa (Bone area in the cortical passage) value produced by counting the screw threads embedded in the compact bones under the optical microscopic analysis (${\times}20$). Statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate the torque removal force, BIC and CBa between group I and II. Results: As for the torque removal force, the result was $10.8{\pm}3.6$ Ncm for group I and $20.2{\pm}9.7$ Ncm for group II. Furthermore, the torque removal force of group II increased by 98.1% in average compared to group I (P<.05). On the other hand, histomorphologic analysis displayed that there was no statistical significance in BIC and CBa values between group I and the group II (P>.05), and RT/BIC and RT/CBa between group I and group II were statistically significant (P<.05). Conclusion: It is possible to obtain more substantial re-osseointegration within shorter periods than the period needed for the initial osseointegration in case of iatrogenically unscrewed implants.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.391-405
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to discover unique personality traits which the children of 5 social status types using 10 clinical scales of Korea Children's personality test (KCPI-S) in order to define the characteristics of 5 social status types developed as the Korean type. For this purpose, two hypotheses were set and tested. The subjects of this study were 502 children who were 4, 5th and 6th grade elementary school boys and girls in A city. 5 social status types and gender of children were set as the independent variables each, and 10 clinical scales of Korea Children's personality test as the dependent variables. The research hypotheses were analyzed in turn by the multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and t-test. The results are as follows: First, the results of analyzing differences in 10 clinical scales in accordance with 5 social status types how the significant differences in all 9 clinical scales except for language development scale, and ${\eta}^2$ representing the explanatory power of the independent variables to dependent variables was found to be in the range of the lowest at 2% up to 10% for each scale. Second, the results of analysis of the gender difference show that in the case of the children with controversial and neglected children, the significant difference was appeared between boys and girls in 8-9 scales among the 10 clinical scales, but in the case of rest 3 social status types (average, popular, rejected children) the difference was appeared between boys and girls only in 2-3 scales. Depending on these results it seems that each of 5 social status types of the children has its own unique personality structure. It is necessary to attend to the fact that in the case of the children with controversial and neglected children, the average value of boys are significantly higher than that of the girls. There is a big possibility that the boys have more psychological problems that the girls. It is judged that in case of these two types the personal traits applying gender should be interpreted. Therefore, the follow-up study should conduct the exploratory research on the structure of the relationship between children's language development and sociality measure. Further, it is necessary to conduct the psychological comparison between genders in the children with controversial and neglected children, and to study the structure of their relationship with rest social status types by genders.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.485-496
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• 2013

In recent years, frequent terror or military attacks by explosion or impact accidents have occurred. Examplary case of these attacks were World Trade Center collapse and US Department of Defense Pentagon attack on Sept. 11 of 2001. These attacks of the civil infrastructure have induced numerous casualties and property damage, which raised public concerns and anxiety of potential terrorist attacks. However, a existing design procedure for civil infrastructures do not consider a protective design for extreme loading scenario. Also, the extreme loading researches of prestressed concrete (PSC) member, which widely used for nuclear containment vessel, gas tank, bridges, and tunnel, are insufficient due to experimental limitations of loading characteristics. To protect concrete structures against extreme loading such as explosion and impact with high strain rate, understanding of the effect, characteristic, and propagation mechanism of extreme loadings on structures is needed. Therefore, in this paper, to evaluate the impact resistance capacity and its protective performance of bi-directional unbonded prestressed concrete member, impact tests were carried out on $1400mm{\times}1000mm{\times}300mm$ for reinforced concrete (RC), prestressed concrete without rebar (PS), prestressed concrete with rebar (PSR, general PSC) specimens. According to test site conditions, impact tests were performed with 14 kN impactor with drop height of 10 m, 5 m, 4 m for preliminary tests and 3.5 m for main tests. Also, in this study, the procedure, layout, and measurement system of impact tests were established. The impact resistance capacity was measured using crack patterns, damage rates, measuring value such as displacement, acceleration, and residual structural strength. The results can be used as basic research references for related research areas, which include protective design and impact numerical simulation under impact loading.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.300-309
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• 2009

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between menton deviation and dental compensation in facial asymmetry. Methods: Tooth axis and distance of first molar and canine to the reference plane were investigated by cone-beam computerized tomography. The subjects consisted of 50 patients with asymmetric mandibles (male 21, female 29, mean age 24.3 years). Control groups were also assessed (male 11, female 9, mean age 25.6 years). Nine measurements (5 linear measurements and 4 angular measurements) were measured in order to evaluate the correlation between menton deviation and the linear and angular difference of first molar and canine in the deviated and none-deviated sides using the defined MPR images. The differences between deviated and non-deviated side, according to menton deviation, were statistically analyzed using stepwise multiple regression analysis. Results: From the result, Menton deviation was negatively correlated with mandibular first molar's angular measurement (${\Delta\angle}LM6$-Mn plane (dev.-ndev.)) and positively with maxillary fist molar's angular measurement (${\Delta\angle}UM6$-FH plane (dev.-ndev.)) (p < 0.01). Two angular measurements (${\Delta\angle}LM6$-Mn plane (dev.-ndev.), ${\Delta\angle}UM6$-FH plane (dev.-ndev.)) explained the variability in menton deviation with a significant $r^2$ value of 0.589. Conclusions: This study suggests that the tooth axis of upper and lower first molars leans towards the deviated side of Menton when there is mandibular asymmetry with Menton deviation.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2014

Purpose : To establish a pH measurement system for a mouse tumor study using a clinical scanner, to develop the $^1H$ and 31P radio frequency (RF) coil system and to test pH accuracy with phantoms. Materials and Methods: The $^1H$ and the $^{31}P$ surface coils were designed to acquire signals from mouse tumors. Two coils were positioned orthogonally for geometric decoupling. The pH values of various pH phantoms were calculated using the $^1H$ decoupled $^{31}P$ MR spectrum with the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The calculated pH value was compared to that of a pH meter. Results: The mutual coil coupling was shown in a standard $S_{12}$. Coil coupling ($S_{12}$) were -73.0 and -62.3 dB respectively. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) obtained from the homogeneous phantom $^1H$ image was greater than 300. The high resolution in vivo mice images were acquired using a $^{31}P$-decoupled $^1H$ coil. The pH values calculated from the $^1H$-decoupled $^{31}P$ spectrum correlated well with the values measured by pH meter ($R^2$=0.97). Conclusion: Accurate pH values can be acquired using a $^1H$-decoupled $^{31}P$ RF coil with a clinical scanner. This two-surface coil system could be applied to other nuclear MRS or MRI.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2005

Purpose : Uniform dose distribution of the target volume is very important in the radiation treatment. We will evaluate the usefulness of Field-in-Field Technique use to get uniform dose distribution of the target volume and try to find Apply possibility out to a whole brain treatment patient of various thickness. Material and method : We compare the dose distribution when we applied Field-in-Field Technique and parallel opposed fields technique. establish the treatment plan to a phantom(acryl 16cm spheral phantom) and do the measurement, assessment use the TLD and Low sensitivity film. Also the assessment did Apply possibility of Field-in-Field Technique to 20 patient object of various thickness. Result : In the case to use the parallel opposed fields at the whole brain treatment $10-12\%$ high dose region appeared but reduce to $3-4\%$ lesses when we used the Field-in-Field technique. We could get similar numerical value the film and TLD measurement result also. The change of the dose distribution appeared to its ${\pm}1{\sim}2\%$ although it applied such Field-in-Field technique to various patient so that we were identical. Conclusion : We can get uniform dose distribution of in the treatment region if we apply the Field-in-Field technique at the whole brain treatment. Also alternate can play the role of the wedge filter and 3D compensator and We are thought by minimizing the obstacle to be happened due to the high dose region when radiation treatment.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2003

I. Purpose Uniform dose distribution of the whole body is essential factor for the total body irradiation(TBI). In order to achieved this goal, we used to compensation filter to compensate body contour irregularity and thickness differences. But we can not compensate components of body, namely lung or bone. The purpose of this study is evaluation of dose attenuation in bone tissue when TBI using diode detectors and TLD system. II. Materials and Methods The object of this study were 5 patients who undergo TBI at our hospital. Dosimetry system were diode detectors and TLD system. Treatment method was bilateral and delivered 10MV X-ray from linear accelerator. Measurement points were head, neck, pelvis, knees and ankles. TLD used two patients and diode detectors used three patients. III. Results Results are as followed. All measured dose value were normalized skin dose. TLD dosimetry : Measured skin dose of head, neck, pelvis, knees and ankles were $92.78{\pm}3.3,\;104.34{\pm}2.3,\;98.03{\pm}1.4,\;99.9{\pm}2.53,\;98.17{\pm}0.56$ respectably. Measured mid-depth dose of pelvis, knees and ankles were $86{\pm}1.82,\;93.24{\pm}2.53,\;91.50{\pm}2.84$ respectably. There were $6.67\%{\sim}11.65\%$ dose attenuation at mid-depth in pelvis, knees and ankles. Diode detector : Measured skin dose of head, neck, pelvis, knees and ankles were $95.23{\pm}1.18,\;98.33{\pm}0.6,\;93.5{\pm}1.5,\;87.3{\pm}1.5,\;86.90{\pm}1.16$ respectably. There were $4.53\%{\sim}12.6\%$ dose attenuation at mid-depth in pelvis, knees and ankles. IV. Conclusion We concluded that dose measurement with TLD or diode detector was inevitable when TBI treatment. Considered dose attenuation in bone tissue, We must have adequately deduction of compensator thickness that body portion involved bone tissue.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.629-637
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• 2016

In this present study, we identified the $SO_2$ effect on $O_3$ retrieval from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) measurement over Chinese Industrial region from 2005 through 2007. The Planetary boundary layer (PBL) $SO_2$ data measured by OMI sensor is used in this present study. OMI-Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) total $O_3$ is compared with OMI-Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (DOAS) total $O_3$ in various $SO_2$ condition in PBL. The difference between OMI-TOMS and OMI-DOAS total $O_3$ (T-D) shows dependency on $SO_2$ (R (Correlation coefficient) = 0.36). Since aerosol has been reported to cause uncertainty of both OMI-TOMS and OMI-DOAS total $O_3$ retrieval, the aerosol effect on relationship between PBL $SO_2$ and T-D is investigated with changing Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD). There is negligible aerosol effect on the relationship showing similar slope ($1.83{\leq}slope{\leq}2.36$) between PBL $SO_2$ and T-D in various AOD conditions. We also found that the rate of change in T-D per 1.0 DU change in PBL, middle troposphere (TRM), and upper troposphere and stratosphere (STL) are 1.6 DU, 3.9 DU and 4.9 DU, respectively. It shows that the altitude where $SO_2$ exist can affect the value of T-D, which could be due to reduced absolute radiance sensitivity in the boundary layer at 317.5 nm which is used to retrieve OMI-TOMS ozone in boundary layer.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 1996

Purpose : Multileaf collimator(MLC) is very suitable tool for conformal radio-therapy and commissioning measurements for a multileaf collimator installed on a dual energy accelerator with 6 and 10MV photons are required, For modeling the collimator with treament planning software, detailed dosimetric characterization of the multileaf collimator including the penumbra width, leaf transmission between leaf leakage and localization of the leaf ends and sides is an essential requirement. materials and Methods : Measurement of characteristic data of the MLC with 26 pair block leaves installed on CLINAC 2100C linear accelerator was performed. Low sensitive radiographic film(X-omatV) was used for the penumbra measurement and separate experiments using radiographic film and thermoluminescent dosimeters were performed to verify the dose distribution, Measured films were analized with a photodensitometer of WP700i scanner. Results : For 6 & 10 MV x-ray energies, approximately $2.0\%$ of photons incident on the multileaf collimator were transmitted and an additional $0.5\%$ leakage occurs between the leaves. Localizing the physical end of the leaves showed less than 1mm deviation from the $50\%$ decrement line and this difference is attributed to the curved shaped end on the leaves One side of a sin히e leaf corresponded to the $50\%$ decrement line, but the opposite face was aligned with a lower value. This difference is due to the tongue and groove used to decrease between leaf leakage. Alignment of the leaves to form a straight edge resulted larger penumbra at far position from isocenter as compare with divergent alloy blocks. When the MLC edge is stepped by sloping field, the isodose lines follow the leaf pattern and Produce scalloping isodose curves in tissue. The effective penumbra by 45 degree stepped MLC is about 10mm at 10cm depth for 6MV x-ray. The difference of effective penumbra in deep tissue between MLC and divergent alloy blocks is small (5mm). Conclusion : Using the characteristic data of MLC, the MLC has the clinlical acceptability and suitability for 3-D conformal radiotherapy except small field size.