• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.307-316
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• 2015

Although the use of CAD and CAM technologies has been broadly adopted by architecture-engineering- construction-facility management (AEC/FM) industry as the means of producing complex forms, there are still remained issues such as reducing cost, and enhancing quality and manufacturability. In this paper, to resolve given issues, we suggest a process of rationalization in digital architecture design and fabrication as an integrated approach. The rationalization, which is usually used as the term related with the skin panel of free-form architecture, is a process of re-designing a digital model to meet the requirements of manufacturing considering the gap with an original designs. Thus we classified this process and conducted a case study of fabricated models as an exploratory study. As the result, we found that each phase is connected with other phases with the circulation of information and rationalization process can be determined as the circulative process which re-designs digital model by minimally deviating from the original design based on the information deducted from analysis of inter-compatability of software and requirement of hardware.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.494-500
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the levels of satisfaction, and awareness, as well as evaluations of internship programs between major and non-major students in food and nutrition. The survey was conducted via questionnaire to 80 major and 113 non-major students in food and nutrition who had finished an internship. For the primary internship facilities, the proportions were 51.3% in foodservice for the major group and 57.4% in business & industry for the non-major group. For the internship period, the proportions were 71.2% for under 2 weeks in the major group, and 42.9% for $2{\sim}4$ weeks in the non-major group(p<0.001). The proportions of students who were provided orientation from a professor(p<0.001), and visiting guidance by a professor(p<0.001), were 40.5% and 35.4%, respectively, in the major group and 73.4% and 82.1 %, respectively, in the non-major group. The proportions answering that the internship was a necessity were 95.0% in the major group and 75.2% in the non-major group(p<0.001). The major group had significantly higher satisfaction scores for location of the internship facility, internship period, and connection between education and practice as compared to the non-major group. However, the satisfaction score for professor's guidance during the internship was significantly lower in the major group than the other group. The evaluation score for 'I did my best when doing my work' was significantly higher in the major group than the non-major group. The major group had significantly higher awareness scores for the internship's degree of assistance in improving skills, making use of knowledge, and adapting to the field, as compared to non-major group. In conclusion, students majoring in food and nutrition faithfully participated in their internship programs, with higher degrees of satisfaction and awareness, and higher evaluations. However, more effective internship program with intensified and developed guidance by professor are needed.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.147-162
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to present practical improvement plans for policy fund support in national policy banks through an analysis of the efficiency of policy fund support. It targets small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs) that received policy funding from national policy banks in '17 and '18 consecutively. As for the analysis method, characteristic analysis and corresponding sample T-test was performed. The analysis results are as follows. First, as a result of analyzing the characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises, most of the financial funds were concentrated on the manufacturing industry. By region, the western region of Gyeonggi Province, by credit rating, was A grade, technology grade was T5, and the use of funds was mostly concentrated on facility funds. Second, as a result of efficiency analysis, profitability had a positive effect on total capital return, stability had a positive effect on interest compensation ratio, and activity had a positive effect on total capital turnover. In conclusion, it is expected to provide practical improvement plans to support policy funds to influence the growth and distribution of funds appropriate to the needs of SMEs.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.76-86
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• 2014

Purpose: The objective of this study was to measure emissions of gases (ammonia ($NH_3$), hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$)), volatile organic compounds (VOC) and odor from two shallow pit pig nursery rooms. Gas and odor reduction practices for swine operations based on the literature were also discussed. Methods: This study was conducted for 60 days at a commercial swine nursery facility which consisted of four identical rooms with mechanical ventilations. Two rooms (room 1 (R1) and room 2 (R2)) with different pig numbers and ventilation rates were used in this study. The pig manure from both the R1 and R2 were characterized. Indoor/outdoor temperatures, ventilation rates/duration, $NH_3$, $H_2S$, $CO_2$, and VOC concentrations of the ventilation air were measured periodically (3-5 times/week). Odor concentrations of the ventilations were measured two times on two days. Three different types of gas and odor reduction practices (diet control, chemical method, and biological method) were discussed in this study. Results: The volatile solids to total solids ratio (VS/TS) and crude protein (CP) value of pig manure indicated the pig manure had high potential for gas and odor emissions. The $NH_3$, $H_2S$, $CO_2$ and VOC concentrations were measured in the ranges of 1.0-13.3, 0.1-5.7, 1600-3000 and 0.0-1.83 ppm, respectively. The $NH_3$ concentrations were found significantly higher than $H_2S$ concentrations for both rooms. The odor concentrations were measured in the range of $2853-4432OU_E/m^3$. There was significant difference in odor concentrations between the two rooms which was due to difference in pig numbers and ventilation duration. The literature studies showed that simultaneous use of dietary control and biofiltration practices will be more effective and environmentally friendly for gas and odor reductions from pig barns. Conclusions: The gas and odor concentrations measured in the ventilation air from the pig rooms indicate an acute need for using gas and odor mitigation technologies. Adopting diet control and biofiltration practices simultaneously could be the best option for mitigating gas and odor emissions from pig barns.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.60
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• pp.113-135
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• 2019

Despite being one of the most important national facilities, the National Assembly building of the Republic of Korea has become increasingly vulnerable to potential terrorist attacks, and the instances of demonstrations occurring around and banned items taken into the building are continuing to rise. In addition, promoting the idea of "open assembly" has led to increased visitors and weakened access control. Furthermore, while there is a significant symbolic value attached to attacking the National Assembly building, the level of security management is relatively very low, making it a suitable target for terrorism. In order to address such vulnerability, an appropriate access control system should be in place from the areas surrounding the building. However, the National Assembly Security Service which oversees security around the building is scheduled to disband in June 2020 following the abolition of the conscripted police force in 2023. Therefore, there needs to be an alternative option to bolster the security system outside the facility. In this research, the perceptions of 114 government officials in charge of security at the National Assembly Secretariat toward the protection and security system of the areas surrounding the National Assembly building were examined. Results showed that the respondents believed it was highly likely that risky situations could occur outside the building, and the use of advanced technologies such as intelligent video surveillance, intrusion detection system, and drones was viewed favorably. Moreover, a mid- to long-term plan of establishing a unified three-layer protection system and designating a department in charge of the security outside the building were perceived positively. Lastly, the participants supported the idea of employing private police to replace the National Assembly Security Service for the short term and introducing parliamentary police for the mid- to long-term.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.53-68
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• 2012

This paper investigated the conceptual schemes four children constructed as they related division number sentences to various types of fraction: Proper fractions, improper fractions, and mixed numbers in both contextual and abstract symbolic forms. Methods followed those of the constructivist teaching experiment. Four fifth-grade students from an inner city school in the southwest United States were interviewed eight times: Pre-test clinical interview, six teaching / semi-structured interviews, and a final post-test clinical interview. Results showed that for equal sharing situations, children conceptualized division in two ways: For mixed numbers, division generated a whole number portion of quotient and a fractional portion of quotient. This provided the conceptual basis to see improper fractions as quotients. For proper fractions, they tended to see the quotient as an instance of the multiplicative structure: $a{\times}b=c$ ; $a{\div}c=\frac{1}{b}$ ; $b{\div}c=\frac{1}{a}$. Results suggest that first, facility in recall of multiplication and division fact families and understanding the multiplicative structure must be emphasized before learning fraction division. Second, to facilitate understanding of the multiplicative structure children must be fluent in representing division in the form of number sentences for equal sharing word problems. If not, their reliance on long division hampers their use of syntax and their understanding of divisor and dividend and their relation to the concepts of numerator and denominator.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2014

This study was conduct to the reduction and elimination of Limnoperna fortunei that problem in the facilities and water supply pipeline is done to review proposals for the controls. In order to effectively removal the larva and the adult of that, chlorination and being used to an existing method is to be commended. The water temperature of Limnoperna fortunei spawning season was ranged 16 to $17^{\circ}C$ during May to early November. A chlorination of this period is appropriate in order to control a larva. However, existing in the attached young and old shell at the same time consistently been deemed to apply, because it must be taken into account. The range of concentration of chlorination to control the biomass for Limnoperna fortunei was from 0.5 to 1.0 ppm. Proliferation attached to the mitigation or appropriate technology to solve the domestic situation the priorities of the choice of a more urgent. Also, the monitoring of water temperature and larva will constantly to be done. And development of larva monitoring method as well as after chlorine treatment is effective analysis needed. Finally, we are expecting to good use in validating the results presented in this study.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.249-262
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• 2004

This study was conducted to suggest alternatives for the effective use of national park visitor centers, by evaluating their functionality. Visitor centers in Naejangsan National Park and Pukhansan National Park, which are deliberately composed and managed, were investigated for this purpose. First, I clarified the concept, function and type of a visitor center through literature review, and then, analyzed visitors' post-visiting evaluation based on McManus's Communication Theory. The results of the analysis shows that visitors have not enough time to understand the contents of visitor centers, and facilities and guide sign system to support visitors are insufficient, which seem to disturb the proper communication between visitors and exhibits. Visitors' short visiting time caused by their little interest in exhibits and their low degree of understanding show the difficulties in the communication between visitors and exhibits. The following alternatives are suggested to improve these problems: first, the improvement of the guide sign system; second, the provision of exhibition rooms specialized for different visitor groups; third, the display of exhibits connected with visitors' experiences; Forth, the utilization of various media proper for each subject.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers P
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.434-439
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• 2010

This study fabricated a simulation facility which reduced the structure of a current distribution line to 50:1 in order to analyze the induced lightning shielding effect of a 22.9kV-Y distribution line according to ground resistance capacity, grounding locations, etc. When installing an overhead ground wire, the standard for grounding a distribution line with a current of 22.9kV-Y requires that ground resistance in common use with the neutral line be maintained less than $50\Omega$every 200m span. The reduced line for simulation had 7 electric poles and induced lightning was applied to the ground plane 2m apart from the line in a direction perpendicular to it using an impulse generator. If induced voltage occurred in the line and induced current flowed through the line due to the applied current, the induced voltage and current of the 'A' phase were measured respectively using an oscilloscope. When all 7 electric poles were grounded with a ground resistance of less than $50\Omega$ respectively, the combined resistance of the line was $7.4\Omega$. When an average current of 230A was applied, the average induced voltage and current measured were 1,052V and 13.8A, respectively. Under the same conditions, when the number of grounding locations was reduced, the combined resistance as well as induced voltage and current showed a tendency to increase. When all 7 electric poles were grounded with a ground resistance of less than $100\Omega$, the combined resistance of the line was $14.9\Omega$. When an average current of 236A was applied, the average induced voltage and current of the 'A' phase calculated were 1,068V and 15.6A, respectively. That is, in this case, only the combined resistance was greater than when all 7 electrical poles were grounded, and the induced voltage and current were reduced. Therefore, it is thought that even though ground resistance is slightly higher under a construction environment with the same conditions, it is advantageous to ground all electric poles to ensure system safety.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.189-200
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• 2017

The work breakdown structure and the precedence relations by work activity are very important because they are the basic data for estimating the construction duration in the construction work. However, there is no standard to accurately estimate the construction duration since the size of the school facilities construction is smaller than the general construction work. Therefore, some schools are unable to open in March or September and the delay of the construction duration can cause damage to the students. To solve this problem, this study developed a work breakdown structure of school facilities construction work and analyzed the precedence relations by work activities. The work breakdown structure of the school facilities construction is composed of three steps. The operations corresponding to level 1 and level 2 are as follows. (1) 2 preparatory work categories; preparation period and temporary construction. (2) 17 architectural work categories; temporary construction, foundation & pile work, reinforced concrete work, steel roof work, brick work, plaster work, tile work, stone work, waterproof construction, wood work, interior construction, floor work, metal work, roof work, windows construction, glazing work and paint construction. (3) 7 mechanic and fire work categories; outside trunk line work, plumbing work, air-conditioning equipment work, machine room work, city gas plumbing work, sanitation facilities and inspection & test working. (4) 4 civil work categories; wastewater work, drainage work, pavement work and other work. (5) 1 landscaping work categories; planting work. The work breakdown structure was derived from interviews with experts based on the milestones and detailed statements of existing school facilities. The analysis of precedence relations by school facilities work activity utilized PDM(Precedence Diagramming Method)which does not need a dummy and the relations were applied using FS(Finish to Start), FF(Finish to Finish), SS(Start to Start), SF(Start to Finish). The analysis of this study shows that if one work activity is delayed, the entire construction duration may be delayed because the majority of the works are FS relations. Therefore, it is necessary to use the Lag at the appropriate time to estimate the standard construction duration of the school facility construction. Lag is a term used only in the PDM method and it is used to define the relationship between the predecessor and the successor in creating the network milestone. And it means the delay time applied to the two work activities. The results of this study can reasonably estimate the standard construction duration of school facilities and it will contribute to the quality of the school facilities construction.