• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.342-356
• /
• 2014

This study aims to provide the fundamental data for restoration through the analysis of vegetation structure characteristic for managed area with deforest and fumigation among the places damaged by oak wilt disease in Bukhansan National Park. Study areas were selected in six damaged areas with 18 plots ($20m{\times}20m$) including comparing plots between year 2006 and year 2011 after preliminary study finding the exact location with easy access. Analysis items are density and coverage of under story layer, Importance Percentage of under story layer and Importance Percentage of urban adapted species and alien species. As a result, density and coverage under the canopy layer's vegetation was higher than comparing plot in Musugol valley and Soquicheon valley which 4 years and more passed. And Wondobong, Darakwon, Doseonsa and Dobong valley which had not been passed 3 years after deforestation and fumigation decreased in those of vegetation. However, the plots in Wondobong and Doseonsa was analyzed to be higher in density of shrubs than comparing plot. In terms of distirbution of species in under canopy layer which is grown as a upper vegetation, Quercus serrata and Sorbus alnifolia dominated each other in under canopy layer except for Wondobong and Darakwon. Wondobong continuously maintained Quercus mongolica and Q. mongolica and Pinus densiflora dominated in under canopy layer of Darakwon. S. alnifolia which is Urban adapted species were distributed in most study areas. In terms of alien species, Magnolia obovata and Robinia pseudoacacia were newly intruded in the opened crown, and Pueraria thunbergiana was distributed in Soquicheon valley. As the result of soil analysis, acidification(pH 4.49) and low level of organic matter(3.23%), available phosphate(1.40mg/kg) and exchangeable cation were analyzed and it was considered that those environment poorly support the vegetation growth.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.157-165
• /
• 2010

This study was carried out to suggest the basic data of planting method for construction of buffer green space based on the land use in case of reclaimed land by analyzing land structure, planting concept, and planting structure in buffer green space, Rokko Island, Kobe, Japan. Rokko Island(total area: 580ha) is divided into port and logistics industry area and urban area by constructing the box type large-scale buffer green space. The land structure of buffer green space were biased mounding type, parallel mounding type, and complex mounding type. The width of buffer green space was 50meters in case of northern area, from 28 to 32meters in case of eastern area, and 37.5meters in case of western area, and the slope of that was from 18 to 25 degrees and the height of that was from 2 to 15meters. There were applied landscape and buffer planting concept on the sea side area of northern buffer green space, on the other hand landscape and shade planting concept on the Inner city side area of that. According to the result of planting structure analysis of northern buffer green space, the main woody species were those of deciduous-evergreen species grow in warm-temperate forest zone such as Quercus glauca, Cinnamomum camphora, Machilus thunbergii, Elaeagnus maritima. The results of maximum number of species and planting density by $100mm^2$ was that 9 species 22 individuals in canopy layer, 9 species 15 individuals in understory layer, 3 species 67 individuals in shrub layer, and 14 species 104 individuals in total. The plant coverage of northern buffer green space based on the ecological planting method was from 69 to 139% in case of canopy layer, from 26 to 38% in case of understory layer, from 6 to 7% in case of shrub layer, and from 101 to 184% in total. Index of plant crown volume of northern buffer green space based on the ecological planting method was from 1.40 to $3.12m^3/m^2$ in case of canopy layer, from 0.43 to $0.55m^3/m^2$ in case of understory layer, $0.06m^3/m^2$ in case of shrub layer, and from 1.89 to $3.73m^3/m^2$ in total.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.232-245
• /
• 2017

In this study, the high-resolution numerical simulation results considering landuse characteristics are analyzed by using single layer Urban Canopy Model (UCM) in Weather Research Forecast (WRF). For this, the impact of urban parameters such as roughness length and anthropogenic heat in UCM is analyzed. These values are adjusted to Seoul metropolitan area in Korea. The results of assessment are verified against observation from surface and flux tower. Forecast system equipped with UCM shows an overall improvement in the simulations of meteorological parameters, especially temperature at 2 m, surface sensible and latent heat flux. Major contribution of UCM is appreciably found in urban area rather than non-urban. The non-urban area is indirectly affected. In simulated latent heat flux, applying UCM is possible to simulate the change similarly with observations on urban area. Anthropogenic heat employed in UCM shows the most realistic results in terms of temperature and surface heat flux, indicating thermodynamic treatment of UCM could enhance the skills of high resolution forecast model in urban and non-urban area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.94-103
• /
• 2002

To suggest basic research data for a plan raising naturalness of urban park forest, the structure of forest vegetation and bird community were analyzed in four urban parks of Gwangju city. And also, their relationships were discussed. Some of the structural characteristics in the two communities were closely related to each other. Species and individual densities of birds were relatively high in Songjong and Sangmu park showing the vigorous successional progress, but were low in Anchong park with simple vegetation. The bird group that nest and feed in canopy or dead wood held occupy the highest percent in Sajik park with well developed upper layer of forest, the bird group that nest and feed in shrub did in Sangmu park with developed middle layer, and the bird group that feed in ground did in Songjong park with developed low layer. Relationship between the species diversities of forest and birds was not significant. Nevertheless, bird diversity was relatively high in Sajik and Sangmu park with the high proportion of broad-leaved trees in upper and middle layers.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.43-57
• /
• 2003

This paper presents the air corridor planning strategy based on simulation with MUKLMO_3 (Micro-scale Urban Climate Model) to investigate the wind field and air corridor caused by the land-use change of the New Town Development Area in Pan-Gyo. In the first part, the most frequently observed wind field in the New Town Development Area was measured and used as an initial value to simulate a more realistic wind field and air corridor. Several experiments with different initial values of wind fields were carried out to investigate the wind field change affected by the New Town Development. The results show the features of the wind field of the neutral stability condition in the urban canopy layer with a high resolution near the ground. The wind speed is weakened at this level due to the New Town Development. It was found that the wind field and air corridor are influenced by the land-use change. After the development of the New Town, the speed of the wind field decreased and the main wind directions and air corridor changed. In this study, this model is found to be a useful tool for evaluating air corridor and change of wind field in speed and direction.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.105-113
• /
• 2009

Heat energy exchange is very important processes in the coastal wetland ecosystems. We observed and analyzed the net radiation flux, the sensible heat flux, the latent heat flux and the soil heat flux, which are balanced in the heat energy balance, over a reclaimed land covered with reeds at Goheung, Jeonllanamdo where is horizontally plane. The atmospheric turbulence had been measured in order to estimate the heat transfer during 5 intensive observation periods (IOPs). It was considered that the soil consists of water, fine particles, and vegetation canopy that changes color and density according to the season. We examined the characteristics of the heat flux and the vegetation effect on the air temperature control. It was noted that the heat was transported mainly by latent heat flux in the summer season and the vegetation canopy decreased the daily temperature range due to the heat storage. The air temperature was lower at the IOPs site than near urban area. This showed that the coastal wetland covered with the vegetation control the thermal environment.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.151-162
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study is suggest to restoration model of Pinus thunbergii in Saha-gu, Busan Metropolitan City. The result of this study is summarized as follows; As the results of this study, vegetation restoration model is presented by separating community planting and edge planting. The community planting species of tree layer were Pinus thunbergii and Quercus acutissima and Quercus dentata and Quercus serrata and Quercus alienna and Quercus variabilis. The community planting species of subtree layer were Platycarya strobilacea and Prunus sargentii and Styrax japonica and Eurya japonica and Morus bombycis. The community planting species of shrub layer are Ulmus pavifolia and Ulmus davidiana and Lindera obtusiloba and Elaeagnus macrophylla and Mallotus japonicus and Ligustrum obtusifolium and Sorbus alnifolia and Rhus trichocarpa and Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Rosa wichuraiana and Rhus chinensis and Viburnum erosum and Rhododendron mucronulatum and Rhododendron yedoense and Indigofera pseudotinctoria. And the planting species of edge vegetation are Japanese Angelica and Symplocos chinensis and Pittosporum tobira and Lespedeza maximowiczii and Lespedeza bicolor and Rubus coreanus and Rubus idaeus and Vitis thunbergii and Ampelopsis brevipedunculata and Rosa multiflora. Considering the population of individuals up to layers in each $400m^2$ area, it was composed of 24 in tree layer, 35 in subtree layer, 410 in shrub layer and 34% herb layer in the Pinus thunbergii community. And the average of breast-high area and canopy area was $10,852cm^2$ in tree layer, in subtree layer $1,546cm^2$, in shrub layer $1,158,660cm^2$. The shortest distance between trees was calculated as 2.0m in tree layer, 1.9m in subtree layer.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.205-214
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study is to suggest vegetation management method as the cultural landscape forest of Dongbaek Island which is the district monument. The study area was $20,000m^2$ around the peak area in management as the nature sabbatical area. Vegetation structure type was classified with the criteria of topography, vegetation, management and the management plan was derived from the vegetation structure analysis according to the types. Vegetation structure types were Management-Camellia japonica, Non-management-Eurya japonica, Non-management-Rugged area-Eurya japonica. As the result of vegetation structure, Pinus thunbergii dominated in canopy layer and Camellia japonica and Eurya japonica dominated in Type I and in Type II and III, respectively. Especially, Machilus thunbergii as the climax species in the warm temperate forest were distributed centering shrubs, and as the result of distribution of diameter of breast height, middle size of Celtis sinensis and Machilus thunbergii were distributed in type I, II. Machilus thunbergii were distributed in range of 4 to 44 individuals through the all types. Mean age of canopy layer was 66 year-old and sub-canopy layer was 22.9 year-old. Shanon's species diversity was analysed from 0.5472 to 0.8646. As the vegetation management direction of Dongbaek island, managed Camellia japonica forest was suggested to maintain the regular management and non-managed Eurya japonica forest was required to remove the Eurya japonica and plant the Camellia japonica. In case of non managed Eurya japonica forest in rugged area, vegetation succession was required to laurel forest.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.37-49
• /
• 2015

The goal of this research is to examine air temperature changes according to tree type, plantation type, roadside green area structure, and green volume of street green area within a city. The plantation type that could be analyzed for comparison by tree type with over 3 species was 1 rows of tree+shrubs. The results of analysis of average air temperature difference between pedestrian and car streets vis-a-vis 1 row of tree+shrub in high air temperature areas were: Pinus densiflora, $1.35^{\circ}C$; Zelkova serrata, $1.84^{\circ}C$; Ginkgo biloba, $2.00^{\circ}C$; Platanus occidentalis, $2.57^{\circ}C$. This standard large wide canopy species was analyzed by the roadside to provide shade to have a significant impact on air temperature reduction. In terms of analysis of the relationship between plantation type of roadside trees and air temperature, the average air temperature difference for 1 row of tree type was $1.80^{\circ}C$; for 2 rows of trees it was $2.15^{\circ}C$. In terms of analysis of the relationship between the roadside green area structure and air temperature, for tree type, average air temperature $1.94^{\circ}C$: for tree+shrub type, average air temperature $2.49^{\circ}C$; for tree+mid-size tree+shrub type, average air temperature $2.57^{\circ}C$. That is, air temperature reduction was more effective in a multi-layer structure than a single layer structure. In the relationship analysis of green volume and air temperature reduction, the air temperature reduction effect was enlarged as there was a large amount of green volume. There was a relationship with the green volume of the road, the size of the tree and number of tree layers and a multi-layer structured form of planting. The canopy volume was large and there were a great number of rows of the tree layer and the plantation type of multi-layer structure, which is what is meant through a relationship with the green volume along the roadside. Green composition standards for air temperature reduction effects and functional improvement were proposed based on the result. For a pedestrian street width of 3m or less in the field being ideal, deciduous broadleaf trees in which the canopy volume is small and the structure of the tree+shrub type through the greatest 1m green bend were proposed. For a pedestrian street width of over 3m, deciduous broadleaf trees in which the canopy volume is large and is multi-layer planted with green bend over 1m, tree+mid-size tree+shrub type was proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.62-74
• /
• 2015

This study was carried out to provide examples of planting methods for the construction of street green spaces with abundant greenery by analyzing road type, surrounding land use and planting structures in street green spaces on Port Island, Kobe, Japan. Port Island_(total area: 826ha) is a marine cultural city located in Japan's first artificial island with facilities of urban function and port facilities. The study site was designated at 11 plots of $55{\sim}285m^2$ on Port Island, and topography structure styles were divided into four types with mounding style, slope style, slope and flat style, flat style according to the adjacent roads width. The area adjacent to the middle roads with high levels of noise and pollution set up the mounding style, slope style, slope and flat style of multi-layer structures using topographic properties. The area adjacent to small roads focused on a green strip with shrubs on a flat style. Surrounding land-uses include a public institution, housing complex, and a commercial building. The planting concept was a buffer and landspace function in case of the middle road_(lane 4) while the small road_(lane 2) was a landspace function. Planting species were diverse with Liquidambe formosana, Cinnamomum camphora, Sapium sebiferum, Cedrela sinensis, Laeocarpus sylvestris var. ellipticus, Ginkgo biloba, Prunus serrulata var. spontanea, Zelkova serrata, Quercus glauca, Juniperus chinensis, Magnolia kobus, Rhododendron spp., Camellia japonica, Abelia mosanensis, etc. Planting density was 0.02~0.08(0.04) individual/$m^2$ at the canopy layer, 0.02~0.08(0.04) individual/$m^2$ at the understory layer. Ratio of green coverage was 40.0~173.7(93.0)% at the canopy layer, 2.1~79.8(34.9)% at the understory layer and 17.9~64.2(32.9)% at the shrub layer. $Gr{\ddot{u}}volumenzahl$ was $1.43{\sim}6.67(4.13)m^3/m^2$ at the canopy layer, $0.02{\sim}2.01(0.85)m^3/m^2$ at the understory layer and $0.14{\sim}0.58(0.26)m^3/m^2$ at the shrub layer. The ratio of green coverage of street green space on Port Island was higher than that of Seoul, and particularly, the ratio of green coverage and $gr{\ddot{u}}volumenzahl$ at the shrub layer differed, compared to the main street green space in Korea. The result of this study may be applicable to other coastal reclaimed cities in terms of setting methods for street greenery considering the topography structure, planting structure and planting function.